M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
Syntagmatic Paradigmatic Relations
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
Syntagmatic Paradigmatic Relations :
We have seen that Saussure established distinction between signifier and signified langue and Parole, Diachronic study of language and Synchronic study of language. Now let us see how he establishes distinction between Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic relations. As Saussure sees the linguistic sign static and dynamic, he focuses as two other dominant properties of a linguistic sign - one linear (horizontal) and other vertical (arbitrary). He sees Syntagmatic relations as associative relations. It is a combination of descrete successive units minimum (at the least) two and maximum with no limits. e.g. phonemes to sentence. When there is meaningful combination of phenemes, it is called as morpheme. When one or more morphemes come together it becomes phrase and when one or more phrases come together it becomes a clause and when one or more clauses come together, it becomes a sentence. e.g. the word good is combination of phonemes /g/, /u/ and /d/. This book is good. This sentence is combination three units (1) This book, (2) is, (3) good. 41 Saussure sees sentence as a combination of linguistic units. These units have chain relationship. The unit acquires its significance by its preceding or following elements. e.g. Smita will call tomorrow. The elements occured in a linear order in the above sentence are : proper noun + auxiliary + main verb + adverb : NP + VP + AVP (SPA). This construction or order is rigid, and cannot be changed. The associative relations (syntagmatic) emphasize relational criteria a linguist uses in identifying or defining Linguistic categories or units. Syntagmatic relations function on horizontal axis. It underlines the structural potential of any item which is being examined. Linguistic units can also be considered as a vertical axis. Ferdinand de Saussure postulates the concept of associative relations according to which any link in the chain of speech will suggest other language units to us because the units either resemble or differ from each other in form and meaning. When we construct sentence or when we speak an item is this construction (spoken or written) is capable of triggering other items. e.g. when we utter / or write the word ‘school’ it triggers other related words like notebooks, books, teachers, ground, classmate, friend, reward, study, subjects, punishment, noise, class homework, game function learning etc. These words are connected with each other by paradigmatic relations. These words are part of inner reservoir, storehouse (which is in individual brain) that makes up language of each speaker. These associative relations are also called relations in absentia. we can see a word as triggering other words, but these relations are unpredictable, because each speakers association may differ from each other. e.g. for some the word ‘school’, may trigger the other words like ‘fear’, punishment or for some ‘enjoyment’ curiosity etc. It is psychological so it varies from individual to individual. It is governed by specific factors governing the individuals speech behaviour. Therefore paradigmatic relations are unpredictable, free, dynamic and idiosyncratic. Danish linguist Lois Hjelmslev suggested the term ‘paradigmatic’ for ‘associative relations’. 42 1) Sunil drives very fast She reads rather slowly He writes enthusiastically Smita will will tomorrow Sunita can go now She may come day after tomorrow I shall swim today They must work fast Sunil talks slowly Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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