M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
Sumamry :
Every item of language has a paradigmatic relationship with everyother item which can be substituted for it and a syntagmatic relationship with items which occurs within the same construction. Syntagm and paradigm govern how linguistic signs relate to each other. Chomsky : Avram Noam Chomsky (Dec. 7, 1928). He is an American linguist, philosopher and cognitive scientist, historian, social critic and political activist. His family is Jewish immigrants from Ukraine to the U.S. Philadelphia (He studied linguistics, mathematics and philosophy at the University of Philadlphia. He was fellow in Harvard University from 1951 to 1957 where he developed theory of Transformational 44 Grammar. He was awarded Ph.D. for the same work in 1955. Then he started teaching in MIT in 1957. He published his significant work syntactic structure in 1957. This book/work remodeled/changed ...... the scientific study of language. He wrote more than 100 books on various subjects. He has been given credit of creating universal grammar theory, the generative grammar theory, the Chomsky hierarchy and the minimalist program. Chomsky criticized behaviourism of B. F. Skinner, consequently it lost its importance. His father was first a school Principal, then a college Professor. His mother was also a teacher and an activist. He was very much influenced by his uncle. During his childhood and school days, he read voraciously on different subject especially on anarchism. He attended an experimental elementary school where he was encouraged to develop his own inerests and talents through self-directed learning. At 10, he wrote an editorial for his school newspaper lamenting the fall of Barcelona in the Spanish Civil war and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. In 1945, he entered University of Pennsylvania. There he developed special interest in logic languages specially in learning Arabic. In 1947, he met a Russian born linguist Zelling Harris who introduced him the field of Linguistics. For Honors in B.A. he submitted thesis on Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew by applying Harri’s methods to the language. He revised this thesis for M.A. in 1951. He developed interest in philosophy under the influence of Nelson Goodman. When in Harvard, he was influenced by Quine and a visiting Professor J. L. Austin (Oxford Scholar). In 1952, Chomsky published his first academic article titled, “Systems of Syntactic Analysis”. In 1955 he submitted thesis setting his ideas on Transformational Grammar. At MIT Chomsky befriended with Morris Halle and Roman Jakobson. At MIT he did teach a course on linguistics and philosophy along with working on a mechanical translation project. In 1957 he became Associate Profesor at MIT from 1957 to 1958 he was visiting Professor at Columbia University. He published his first book on Linguistics Syntactic Structures which radically opposed to the Harris-Bloomfield trend in the field. This book caused/provoked significant upheaval in the Linguistics discipline. According to John Lyons Syntactic Structures revolutionized the scientific study of language. 45 In 1959, he published review of B. F. Skinner’s 1957 book ‘Verbal Behaviour in the Journal Language. He criticized that Skinner’s view of language is as learned behaviour and Skinner has ignored the role of human creativity. By the 1980’s many of Chomsky’s students became leading linguistic specialists in their own right. They expanded, revised, Chomsky’s ideas as Generative Grammar. By 1980 Chomsky became globally recognized figure. In 90’s he increased political activism to greater degree than before. In 2003 he published Hegemony of Survival in which he wrote about America’s Imperial Grand Strategy and criticized the Iraq War and other aspects of the ‘War on Terror’. In 2012 and 2013 publication of Occupy : Reflections on class war Rebellion and Solidarity showed that Occupy’s growth is due to the abandonment of interests of white working class by the Democratic Party. In 2017, he wrote Requiem for the American Dream. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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