M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
(i) Planes which are flying and your flying planes
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
(i)
Planes which are flying and your flying planes Chomsky sees ‘Competence’ as an idealized conception of language which is opposite of ‘performance’ which refers to the specific utterances of speech. In Pre- Chomskean era focus was on ‘performance’ in forms of corpus of data. Therefore Chomsky and his team decided to present a description of a language, everything implied by the linguistic competence of a native speaker. It aimed at forming linguistic descriptions in terms of rules that embody the creative capacity of a native speaker to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that are all and only grammatical (Robin, 1979 : 228). Chomsky defines competence as what a speaker intuitively knows about his language. Speech production/speaking and speech comprehension/listerning are categories of linguistic performance : both involve the expression of competence, one in encoding speech, the other in decoding speech. Linguistic competence is best described in terms of the grammatical rules of a language. It is a language description at the sentence level. Chomsky uses the term 49 ‘Linguistic Competence’ to refer to native speakers linguistic knowledge. For him competence means grammar rules, lexicon etc. Chomsky gives ‘idealized’ view of language “Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations distructions, shifts of attention and interest and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance” . Chomsky performance refers to language seen as a set of specific utterances produced by native speakers as encountered in corpus in the linguistic theory of transformational generative grammar by Chomsky. It is what actually speaker says. It is the substance, the actual manifestation of his competence. One can understand a speaker’s competence by studying his performance. In learning a new language, it is wiser to develop the basic competence than memorise pieces of sentence as it is not true language behaviour. For Chomsky, Linguistic competence is more important than performance as performance is imperfect view of language. In short competence involves knowing the language and performance involves ‘act of speaking / writing’ i.e. doing something with the language. However this distinction is criticised as (1) we cannot assess competence without assessing performance, (2) it is not clear cut. It does not help to decide whether a particular speech feature e.g. intonation or discourse is a matter of competence or performance. Dell Hymes criticized Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance and creates the term ‘Communicative Competence’. Hymes says that such distinction is inadequate because it limits itself to linguistic competence only. It does not account for using grammatically correct utterances at right time appropriately. Communicative competence includes linguistic competence. You will learn communicative competence in the next chapter. Let us see the difference between Saussure’s Langue/Parole and Chomsky’s Competence/Performance. Langue. It has a large number of elements whereby meaning is created by the arrangements between the elements and their consequent relationships. While learning a language, we master the system of grammar, spelling, syntax and punctuation. All these elements are part of langue. 50 Langue comes first and makes speech possible. Parole is the actual utterances. It is an external manifestation of langue. It is the usage of the system, but not the system. Saussure was more interested in Langue than Parole. It was the system by which meaning could be created that was of interest to him rather than individual instances of its use. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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