M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
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- Universal Grammar
Linguistic Theory :
According to McGilvary, Chomsky started Cognitive Revolution and established the field as formal natural science moving it away from the procedural forms of structural lingusitics. Therefore he is called as ‘Father of Modern Linguistics’. The basis of Chomsky’s linguistic theory is rooted in biolinguistics. According to it the principles underlying the structure of language are biologically determined in the human mind and hence genetically transmitted. According to him, all human beings share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of socio-cultural differences. Chomsky rejects the theory of tabula Rasu (blank slate) which was advocated by B. F. Skinner in his behaviourist psychology. He rejects the view of language being learned behaviour. Chomsky argues that language is unique evolutionary development of human species, it is species specific. It is not like animal communication mode. Chomsky’s nativist internalist views of language is consistent with the philosophical school of Rationalism and is opposite to anti-nativist, externalist view of language which is consistent with the philosophical view school of Empiricism. 46 Universal Grammar : Chomsky is of the view that syntactic knolwdge is at least partially inborn, i.e. skeleton is there, there is need to put on flesh. It means that children need to learn certain parochial (conventional) features of their native languages. Human beings are capable of producing infinite set of utterances. They have langauge acquisition device (LAD). It is the task of Linguists to determine what the LAD is and what constraints it imposes or the range of possible human languages. The universal features which would result from these constraints (restrictions) constitute the Universal Grammar. Chomsky’s vision of a complex universe within the mind, governed by many rules and prohibition and yet infinite in its creative potential, opens up views (Vistas) possibly as important as Einstein’s theories in Linguistics. Criticism of Skinner’s theory established Chomsky as an Intellectual. He published his books as Linguistics : Aspects of the theory of Syntax (1966), Topics in the theory of Generative Grammar (1966), Cartesian Linguistics : A chapter in the history of Rationalist Though (1966). With co- author Halle, he edited the studies in Language series of books for Harper and Row. He extended the theory of generative grammar to phonology in The Sound Pattern of English. His Beckman lectures were published as Language and Mind in 1968. American Military Officers were interested in Chomsky’s Linguistics. Between 1963-1965 Chomsky worked for Military project “to establish natural language as an operational language for command and control”. In the event of Nuclear war, the generals will go underground with computer’s to manage things. However, these military scientists found Chomsky’s theories not workable for their computer systems. Then started Linguistic War, but Chomsky and his critics debated philosophical issues rather than linguistics issues. After Vietnam War, Chomsky published many books on politics e.g. The Responsibility of Intellectuals in 1967. American Power and New Mandarins (in 1969), At War with Asis (1971), The Backroom Boys (1973), For Reasons of State (1973), Peace in the Middle East ? (1975). He was anti Vietnam war. In the 70’s he published Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar (1972), an enlarged edition of Language and Mind (1972), and Reflections on Language (1975). With Edwards Herman he wrote a book Counter Revolutionary Violence : Bloodbaths in fact and Propoganda criticizing U.S. military involvement in the southeast Asia and highlighted how mainstream media neglected to cover stoires about these activities. It was published in 1973 but Warner Modular ordered the destruction of all 47 copied. Afterwards it was published in two volumes 1979 as The Political Economy of Human Rights. In 1987 On Power and Ideology was published. In 1988 Chomsky and Herman : manufacturing Consent : The Political Economy of the Mass Media. In this book they developed propogands model to understand mainstream media, there they argued that even in countries without official censorship, the news provided was /is sensored through four filters that had great impact on what stories are reported and how they are presented (four filters of editorial bias : (1) Size, ownership and profit orientation, (2) The Advertising License to do Business, (3) Sourcing Mass Media News, (4) Flak and Enforces, (5) War and Terror. In 1989 Chomsky published Necessary illusions : Thought Control in Democratic Societies where he shows the pseudodemocratic nature of western capitalist states. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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