M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
Panini’s Influence on Western Linguistics
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Leonard Bloomfied an American Linguist wrote a paper
- Post-Panini Schools : 1) Patanjali
Panini’s Influence on Western Linguistics :
Ferdinand de Saussure was very much influenced by Panini and Bhrathari’s thoughts on language. Saussure was a professor of Sanskrit. His many ideas were influenced by Indian grammarians. In his Memoir on the Original System of Vowels in Indo-European Languages (1979), he mentions Indian grammar influences his ideas that reduplicated aorists represent imperfects of a verbal class. His ‘On the use of the Genetive Absolute in Sanskrit’ (1881) mentions Panini as an influence on his work. Leonard Bloomfied an American Linguist wrote a paper : ‘On Some Rules of Panini’ Panini’s method /technic of using auxiliary symbols was rediscovered by the logician Emil Post and now it is used as a standard method in the designing computer programming languages. Sanskrit scholars accept Panini’s linguistic apparatus as an, “applied Post” system. It shows the mastery of context-sensitive grammar and a general ability to solve many complex problems. According to Frits Stall, Panini is the Indian Euclid. Post-Panini Schools : 1) Patanjali in the 2 nd cen. BCE wrote Mahabhasya (Commentary). It is a great commentary on Ashtadhyayi. Patanjali’s this work is regarded as the classical model for academic texts. It is written in dialogue style. It is didactic and in very simple and clear Sanskrit. It contains many examples. 2) Bhartrhari (5 th Cen.) : Bhartrhari is considered as the most influential Vyakarana thinker. He wrote about his philosophy of grammar and how language affects thought. His Vakyapadiya contains his theories an ‘Philosophical problem of meaning’ which are unique. He is considered as a major architect of the Sphota Theory of meaning in the Hindu tradition. It is related to the problem of speech production, how the mind orders linguistic units into coherent discourse and meaning. Vakyapadiya is divided into three books : (1) The Brahma-kanda, (2) The Vakyakanda, (3) The pada-Kanda. According to Bhartrhari the act of speech is made up of three stages : (1) Conceptualization by the speaker (idea). (2) Performance of speaking (medium), (3) Comprehension by the interpreter (Vaikhari complete utterance). Bhartrhari belonged to the monistic school ( eãXAÛ¡V ) which identifies language and cognition. 31 Bhartrahari’s ‘Sphot Theory’ : The Sanskrit word Sphota is derived from the root Sphut of (to burst). This word was first used by Patanjali in its linguistic technical sense. It was referred as ‘bursting forth’ of meaning or idea on the mind as language is uttered. Patanjali uses Sphota as the invariant quality of speech. According to him Dhwani (the acoustic element) can be long or short, loud or soft but the Sphota remains unaffected by individual speaker differences. Thus a single Phoneme (varna) such as |k|, |p| or |a| is an abstraction, distinct from variants produced in actual utterance. According to Bhartrhari, the Spota is the universal or linguistic type-sentence type or word type as opposed to their representative symbols (Sounds). For him Sphota is the language capability of man, revealling his consciousness. The ultimate reality is also expressible in language, the eãX~«÷ or Eternal Verbum. Earlier it was thought that Sphota is a mystical notion. The notion of ‘flash’ or ‘insight’ or ‘revealation’ is at the centre of it. However, nowadays linguists think that it is more psychological. Bhartrhari expands the notion of ‘Sphota’ of Patanjali into three levels : (1) Varna Sphota (unit of sound), (2) Pada Sphota (word/morpheme level), (3) Vakya Sphota (sentence level). Bhartrhari thinks ‘Sphota’ as ‘whole’ and indivisible and nada (the sound) which is sequenced and therefore divisible. The Sphota is the causal root, intention behind an utterance. Sphota also arises in the listener. It seems that Bhartrhari is of the opinion that thought is not possible without language. The Western Linguist Whorf have similar position on relationship between language and thought. According to Bhartrhari there is no independent meaning or signified, the meaning is inherent in the word or the Sphota itself. Though this theory was adopted by many scholars of Vyakarana, it was rejected by Mimansa and Nyaya schools of thought on the grounds of compositionality. Sphota doctrine might have influenced the notion of ‘Sign’ containing signifier and signified proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure. Saussure thinks of signifier and signified inseparable and contained in sign. In the later part of this unit we are going to study Saussure’s basic concepts which led foundation of the modern linguistics. It is also said that Bloomfield and Roman Jakobson might have been influenced by Bhartrhari’s Sphota theory. After short review of Indian linguists and their work is now let us get acquainted with western linguists and their, concepts. After the fall of Greece at the hands of Turks, Greek scholars spread over Europe and started teaching thats what brought Reinassance in the European countries. 32 It gave impetues to explore the world. After French, Portugese, Spain, England/Britain became major explorer. It gave way to colonization of Eastern as well as western countries. With the development of science and industry it increased curiosity among scholars to know about the past or distant civilization. To know about them it became necessary to understand languages used in the past by various speech communities in various countries. It was necessary to deciher/understand the meaning of the code for the anthroplogist. From anthropology linguistics came into being as far as western linguistics is concerned. As you studied in the earlier unit linguistics is a scientific study of language. Before studying concepts. Let us know about the most influential linguist of the 20 th century. Ferdinand de Saussure. Understanding of Saussure’s concepts will help you to get an insight into how language is organized and how it functions. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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