M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
(iv) Introduction : Major concepts in linguistics
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
(iv)
Introduction : Major concepts in linguistics. In this chapter, first we are going to understand the concept of Langue and Parole. The Swiss-linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) introduced these two concepts in his lecture series on Language. The complied notes of these lecture series were published in 1916 which is a major turning point in the study of modern Linguistics (Course de-Lenguistique Generate). In the 20 th century linguistics tried to find ways in which languages could be described, identified and classified. They were trying to arrive at general method of analyzing language which can be applied to any language. At this point of time Saussure proposed his famous pairs of concepts : langue vs parole, signifier vs signified, diachrony vs synchrony, syntagmatic vs paradigmatic relationship. Saussure first introduced the concept that language is a system of systems. It means that every element in a system derives its significance from its relationship with the other elements of the systems. Let us first understand the notion of Langue and Parole. La Langue is indicative of ability to produce speech, a kind of institutionalized elements of the community’s collective consciousness. In other words the language system resides in the mind of the speaker. Every member of the community shares it and therefore they are in position 34 to understand each other. Langue comprises of rules and conventions phonology, morphology, syntax and meaning. Through Langue members of speech community share the properties of speech. Langue is stable and systematic. It is a storehouse. Speech community / society conveys the regularities of Langue to the child so that he becomes able to function as a member of the speech community. In other words langue is a product of social agreement. Langue means a language viewed as an abstract system used by a speech community in contrast to the actual linguistic behaviour of individuals. It encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of sign system; it is independent and pre-exists of individual users. Langue involves the principles of language without which no meaningful utteranec (Pzrole) would be possible. Langue is passive and exists in the brains of the group of individuals. It exists in collective pattern which is a sum of impressions deposited in the brain of each individual of the speech community / society. Though it exists in each individual, it is common to all. It is a set of a conventions, received by us already made from the community. La Parole. La Parole is opposite of La Langue Parole is active; it is actual speech act of the individual. It is dynamic social activity. La Parole is unique because it reflects the unstable, changable relationship between the language; the precise contextual elements triggering particular utterances and personal factors. Thus each particular speech act is characterised by the personality, nature and several other external forces governing both the production and reception of a speech act. In Parole there is a great deal which is particular, individual, personal and idiosyncratic. On the contrary langue emphasises speech as the common act of behaviour. Parole is not so and cannot be stable and systematic. It is not collective, it is individual, momentary and heterogenious. Parole gives data from which statements about langue can be made. Parole is concrete and physical. It is individual performance of language in speech and writing. When we hear parole of another community (speech), we perceive it as the noises made but not the social fact of language, as we do not have langue of that language. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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