M. A. I english P. C3 & C6 Modern Linguistics title pmd
Signifier and Signified
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M. A. I English P. C-3 Intr. to Modern Linguistics all
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Signifier and Signified : Ferdinand de Saussure’s thinking about language revolutionized the study of language and gave rise to structuralism. Earlier linguists of the 19 th century had a historical approach to the study of language as they were trying to formulate the rules or laws that govern the linguistic changes that occured through the passage of time. e.g. How ‘way’ derives from old English ‘weg’ How ‘day’ derives from old English deag or dutch dag. How yard derives from old English gerd (gaard (duch)) How yarn derives from old English gearn (garen dutch). But Saussure adopted ahistorical approach to the study of language. His focus was ‘actual working to formulate valid general insights for all language use and for all languages’. He saw the language as a system of sign. Signs have specific forms and they are different from other signs. The ‘signs’ are words that we use. According to Saussure the origin of the form of words (Linguistic sign) lies in the principle of differentiation. For him language is system of systems and the whole system is based on minimal differences e.g. pat bat, cat rat. This principle of differentiation distinguishes words from each other and simultaneously meanings from each other. To him Lingistic sign i.e. word is both form and meaning. He uses the term ‘Signifier’ to form i.e. the word as it is spoken or written e.g. /dog/ and dog, both pronunciation /d g/ or written word dog are signifier. The meaning which comes out of form, he calls signified (an animal having four legs, barking sound etc.) Further he explains that sign is not only sound or graphic image, it is also a concept. Therefore he divides sign into signfier and the signified (concept in language) The word or sign dog signifies the concept that exists in our mind. For Saussure the signifier and signified are purely psychological associative bonds. Signifier (sound image) Sign Signified (meaning) 37 Both terms signifier and signified are important elements of semantics. Saussure sees language as a system of signs - these signs are at first arbitrary - then they become conventions. In all languages signs are arbitrary as there are different words (signs) for the (same) objects they refer to. The relation between the sign ‘cat’ and what it refers to is fundamentally arbitrary, because in Hindi the sign ‘Billi’ and in Maratha _m§Oa (Manjar) are in use. It means there is no inherent logical relationship between signifier and signified. The arbitrariness ofcourse only applies to the fundamental relationship between words and what they refer to. In actual practice those relationships turn into social convention. In other words Saussure was of the opinion that langauge is a sign system which is self-referential. Signs create meaning because they are different from each other. However signified is not an object in the real world. What word rferes does not directly refer to is not an object in the real world. e.g. ‘tree’. Definition of tree goes like this : a plant having trunk, branches, leaves, fruits, flowers etc. Here ‘tree’ can refer to any tree like banyana, mango, peeple, oak, deodar, chestnut, dwarf ashoka, pine etc. It shows that signified (meaning is a concept which is typical of a human category. All signs refer to concepts i.e. product of generalization and abstraction. Those concepts refer to concrete referents to the real world. Saussure thinks that our reality is constituted by our language. In means language we inherit is an autonomous system that governs our world views. It is linguistic determinism. As language is a system of signs, out of signs the meaning that arises is signified. Signified are first arbitrary in their relationship to the real world and secondly the product of difference, in the sense that difference has a crucial, enabling function. Without difference there would be no language and meaning at all. Meaning is impossible without, the whole system of differences : the structure within which differences operates. Signs differ from other signs. Though meaning is first produced by difference, at more basic level it is produced by structure : by the relations between the signs that make up a language. Download 1.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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