M. N. Musayev sanoat chiqindilarini tozalash texnologiyasi

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Sana	12.02.2017
Hajmi	3.87 Mb.
	#226

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g

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a

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*

8.  Havodagi asosiy komponentning parsial bosimi:

Pv  =   B - (

P h i

0

+ P s + ? л + Р ш )

t  =   40°C  da  Pb  =   101325  -   (5759  +   3206.4  +   2148  +   1.503)  Pa

t  =   42°C  da

= 101325

(6292  +   3487  +   2535  +   1.52)  Pa

9.  G az aralashmasini tashkil etuvchilarining konsentratsiyasi,  m g/m 3:

c

16

P/M^OOO

, = (273+0133.3

t  =   40°C  bo'lganda,

16-5759  18  1000

(273+40)133.3

1 6 - 3 2 0 6 . 4 - 7 8 - 1 0 0 0

B

( 2 7 3   +  4 0 ) 1 3 3 .3

16-2148-99-1000

(273+40)133.3

С

NH, ~

* 0

CB=

. . .

. .

.

=1001690

16 9 0 2 1 0 -2 9 -1 0 0 0

(273+40)133.3

t  =   420C   bo'lganda,

. 6 :6292-18-1000=43186

Hl°

(273 + 42)133.3

1 6 -3 4 8 7 -7 8 -1 0 0 0 =1Q3770

Б

(273+42)133.3

16-89010-99-1000 =95588

д

(273+42)133.3

1 6 -89010-29-1000

(273+42)133.3

391

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10. G az aralashmasining o'rtacha konsentratsiyasi, m g /m 3:

c ,+ c „

c,=-

2

39876+ 43186

Cor,HO

= - —— — —- — =41531

О rt.H tU

96258+103770 = 100014

orr.fi

2

8 1 7 1 0 ^ =g8634

2

C „ -„ NH

=10

I» n./VHj

1001690+982115

2

11. Apparatdagi gaz aralashmasining hajmi:

V  =  7Г D H   (1  - к ир)  =   3.14  1.4

2.5(1—0.7)  =   3.3m 3

12.  Apparatdagi gaz aralashmasining haroratini o ‘zganshi:

д  t  =   t2  —  t l   =   42  —  40  =   20C

13.  Haroratning o'zgarishi bilan gaz aralashma  hajmini o'zgarishi:

V  = Г—

= 3 .3 —

=0.024

m3

*

273

273

14. Apparatning kichik nafas olishidagi gaz aralashmasini tashkil etuvchilam ing

miqdori,  g/soat:

С = v   С

'

g

CP ‘

C„.0 =0.024-41531  10  5=0.984

СБ =

0.024

•

100014

•

10 ‘3

=

2.400

Сд

= 0.024 • 88634  10”3 = 2.127

CNHi

= 0.024 • 10- 10'3 =0.00024

CB

=0.024-991902  10-’ =23.806

1-jadval

Varlantlar:

1

2

3

4

Benzol - 45

Dixloretan - 25

S u v - 3 0

C VHi

=

15 mg/m3

t

=

40 - 42°C

Benzol - 50

Dixloretan - 20

Suv - 30

C VMt

10 mg/mJ

t

=

45 - 48l'C

Benzol - 30

Dixloretan - 30

Suv - 40

C VHi = 1 0 mg/m3

t

=

30 - 44°C

Benzol - 20

Dixloretan - 40

S u v - 3 0

C,H,

= 5 mg/m3

t

=

40 - 46°C

392

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D a v o m i

Benzol - 40

Dixloretan - 30

S u v - 3 0

С лн< = 15 mg/nr’

t = 35 - 40°C

Benzol - 10

Dixloretan - 30

Suv - 60

C w> = 5 mg/m’

t = 25 - 30°C

Benzol - 35

Dixloretan - 25

Suv - 40

C w = 15 mg/m ’

t = 35 - 40°C

Benzol - 25

Dixloretan - 20

Suv - 55

C Wi = 5 mg/m3

t = 30 -  45°C

Apparatnmg  «Katta  nafas  olishidagi»  ajraladigan  zaharli  chiqindilarinlng

atmosfera  havoslga  tashlanish  miqdorini  hisoblash.

«Katta  nafas olish»  deb -   apparat  ichidagi

suyuqlikning

sathini o ‘zgarishi bilan

bug'ning tashqariga chiqishi yoki havoning ichkariga tortilishiga aytiladi.

«Katta  nafas  olish»  —  neft  m ahsulotlarini  quyishda

rezervuaming  havo

bo‘shlig‘idan  tashqi  muhitga  neft  mahsuloti  bug'larining  chiqishi  ko'proq  yuz

beradi.

Apparatdan  siqilib  tashlanayotgan  gazning  hajmi:

Vg= v, - v 2

Rrab  —  sig'imdagi ishchi  bosim  (const);

t  —  harorat  (const);

V, va V2 — apparatdagi to'ldirishgacha va to'ldirilgandan keyingi gazlaming hajmi.

Bir  siklda  nafas  olishdagi  yo'qotilayotgan gazlaming  massasi,  kg/sikl.

Gm= V P Mni= ( V 1- V 2) P gOT=VgCi

g.sm   —  gazlaming  zichligi,  kg/m3.

Misol.

Apparatning katta nafas olishidagi tashlanayotgan zararli birikmalaming

miqdorini aniqlash.  G i —  ?

Berilgan:

Apparatdagi  suyuqlikning  tarkibi  %  (mass):

H 20   —  40,  Benzol  =   30,  dixloretan  =   30

Apparatdagi  gaz  muhiti:  ammiak-havo  aralashmasi,  havoning  namligi:

ф = 50 %.

Havodagi  ammiakning  konsentratsiyasi  N H 3,  CNH  = 1 0  m g/m 3.

Apparatdagi  suyuqlik va gaz muhitining harorati t  =  40°C.

Tashqi  muhitning bosimi V =   101325  Pa.

Apparatning diametri  D   =   1.4  m.

Apparatning  balandligi  H«P=   2.5m.

To'ldirishdan aw algi suyuqlik sathining  balandligi  —  I w

Sathni  to'ldirish  darajasi  k 3=   0.7da,  to'ldirish  vaqti  40  daqiqa.

Yechish:

1.  Suyuqlik ustidagi gaz aralashmasinmg parsial bosimi  (Pa),  berilgan:

=5759

P

B= 3206

Рд

=2148

PIWj

=  1.503

393

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2.  Havoning asosiy  komponentining parsial bosimi:

Рв  =   В  -   (P Hj0  +   Pb  +   Pd  +  P Nm)  =   90210.5  Pa

3.  Gazni  tashkil etuvchilarining konsentratsiyasi m g/m 3:

\6P,   M,

  1000

'  “ (273 + 40)  133.3

„

16-5759  18.015-1000

' - и г , -

--------------------------------------- = З У 0 / 0

’

w?0

(273+40)-133.3

_ 16-3206-78-1000_962g8

£

(273+40)-133.3

„

16-2148-99-1000

d)

C„  =

------------------------ =81710

'

a

(273+  40)-133.3

_  16-2148-99  1000_ g l7 1 Q

’

M

(273+40)-133.3

16-90210-29-1000

= ................................. =1001690

I}

B

(273+  40)-133.3

4.  Apparatni toid in sh d an   aw algi gaz aralashmasining  hajmi:

V,

=

tc

D

  (H ap  -   h j   =   3.14  1.4  (2.5  -   0.2)  =   10.1  m 3

5.  Apparatni to'ldirgandan  keyingi  gaz aralashmasining hajmi:

V2  = 1 0 ^ ( 1   -   k,)  =   3.14  1.4  2.5  ( 1 -   0.7)  =   3.3  m 3

6.  40 daqiqa mobaynida apparatdan siqih chiqanlgan gaz aralashmasining hajmi:

V g=  V,  -   V 2  =   10.1  -   3.3  =   6.8  m3

7.  40 daqiqa  m obaynida  gaz  aralashm asini  tashkil etu vch i  birikm alarining

m iqdori,  gr:

G,  =  VR-C,

a)

GHp

  = 6 .8  • 3 9 8 7 6 - 1 0 - 3 =   271

b)  G B=   6 .8 - 9 6 2 5 8 - 10-3 =   655

v)  G

d

  =   6 . 8 - 8 1 7 1 0 - 10-3 =   556

g)

G

nh

,

  - 6 .8  •  10 •  10~3  =   0.068

d)  G„  =   6,8 • 999800 •  lO"3  =   6800

2-jadval

Variantlar:

1

2

3

4

Benzol - 45

Dixloretan - 25

S u v - 3 0

C VHi = 15m a/m J

t = 40"C

Benzol - 50

Dixloretan - 20

Suv - 30

C \Hi = 1 0 mg/m'"

t = 45 °C

Benzol - 30

Dixloretan - 30

S u v - 4 0

C 4Hi = 10 mg/m3

t = 30°C

Benzol - 20

Dixloretan - 40

Suv - 30

C VHi = 5 mg/m3

t = 40"C

394

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D a v o m i

Benzol - 40

Dixloretan - 30

S u v - 3 0

С ли, ” 15 mg/m3

t = 35°C

Benzol - 1 0

Dixloretan - 30

Suv - 60

C

sh

,

= 5 mg/m3

t = 25"C

B enzol- 3 5

Dixloretan - 25

Suv - 40

C VHi = 1 5 mg/m ’

t = 35°C

Benzol - 25

Dixloretan - 20

S uv- 5 5

C.w> = 5 mg/m’

t =  30°C

Suyuqlik yuzasidan  bug‘lanayotgan  zararli  binkmalanung  miqdorini  hisoblash

Suyuqlik  yuzasidan  bug'lanayotgan  zararli  birikmalaming  miqdori,  ularning

kimyoviy xususiyatlariga,  harorat,  bug'lanish  yuzasiga, jarayonning davomiyligiga

va suyuqlikning harakatlanishiga bog‘liq.  Bug‘lanish jarayoni diffuzion, tabiiy yoki

majbur etilgan konveksion xarakterga ega b o‘ladi.

Suyuqlik  yuzasidan  plyonka  rejimida  bug‘lanayotgan  zararli  birikmalaming

miqdorini  bisoblash.

Bunday rejimda suyuqlik sirtida qo‘zg‘almas havoning qalin plyonkasi hosil bo'ladi.

M oddaning  bunday  plyonkadan  o ‘tishi  asosan  difluziya  qonuniyatlari  asosida

amalga oshadi.  Difluziya jarayoni Grasgof va Prandtlya kriteriyalarining hosilalari

bilan  xarakterlanadi.

G rx P r<  1

Bu  yerda,  G r  —  Grasgof kriteriyasi,  Pr  —  Prandtlya  kriteriyasi.

Chuqur  hajinli  rezervuardan  suyuqlikning  bug'lanishida  atmosfera  havzasiga

tashlanayotgan  zararli  m odd alam ing  m iqdori  quyidagi  form ula  yordamida

hisoblanadi:

g ^ xio-3.AxFxC. xinjL^L

К

h

В - Р ж

>

bu  yerda,

D i  —  Suyuqlik bug'larining  bug'lanish  koeffitsienti,  sm 2/soat;

F  —  idish  yuzasi,  m 2;

Ci  —  gaz  aralashmasidagi  kom ponentlam ing  konsentratsiyasi,  m g /m 3;

h  —  idish  yuzasidan  suv  sathigacha  bo'lgan  balandlik,  m;

В  —  barometrik bosim ,  Pa;

Poi  —  manbaadagi  bug‘lam ing  parsial  bosimi,  Pa;

Pji  —  bug‘lanish  haroratidagi  suyuqlik  ustidagi parsial  bosim,  Pa;

k l  — bug‘lanish yuzasidagi haroratming pasayishini hisobga oluvchi koeffitsient

(jadvaldan).

3-jadval

Suyuqlikning qaynash

temperaturasi, UC

^80

100

150

>150

1.5

1.3

l.l

1.0

Ц — Bug‘lanish yuzasini yopiqlik darajasining koeffitsienti

395

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4-jadval

F

i

/F2

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

0.5

0.8

>0.8

k2

0

0.01

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.6

1.0

MIsol.  Nafas olish klapani orqali bug'lanayotgan zararli moddalaraing miqdorini

aniqlash.

Berilgan:

Atmosfera bosimi

V—

101325 Pa.

Lyuk diametri

d

=  0.5 m.

Apparat diametri

d  =

  1.4 m.

Apparatnmg balandligi  Н Ф  =   2.5m.

Suyuqlik bilan to ‘ldirilganlik darajasi кw

=

0.7.

Apparatdagi  suyuqlikning  tarkibi:

Suv  —  40%  ob.,  benzol  —  30%  ob.,  dixloretan  —  30%  ob.

Apparat  tashqarisidagi gaz muhiti  —  ammiak aralashmali  havo.

Namlik  =50% .

Ammiakning konsenratsiyasi =   10m g/m3.

Apparatdagi suyuqlik va gaz muhitining harorati =   40°C.

Yechish:

1.  Kom ponent bug‘larining suyuqlik  ustidagi parsial bosim i,  Pa

^ 0   =   5759,

7 ^ =   3206.4,

=   2148

2.  K om ponent bug‘larining t =  0°C,  R0 =   101308  Pa dagi diffuziya koeffitsienti:

Dqh0=

  18.8  1 0 - 6   m 2/s,  Dos=   9.05  10—6  m 2 /s,  £>0J=   8.02  10—6  m 2/s

3.  Komponent bug'larining t =  40°C,  R  =   101325 Pa dagi diffuziya koeffitsienti:

\ 2

n - 4

P

xD0

a) £> w o =18.8xl0~6 101308Г2

3

=24.69x10'*’

m J/s

,Ml°

101325 v 273 + 0

=9.05 xlO-61- 1— - f 273 + 4 0 ) =11.89x10"*

m J/s

, B

1013251 273 + 0

J

101308 '2 7 3 + 4 0 V

d )

D „

= 8 .0 2 x 1 0 * ———— — -------

= 1 0 .5 4 x 1 0 ’*

mVs

1

, a

101325 V. 273 +

0

J

'

4. Apparatdagi bug'lanish yuzasi:

396

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Яр = 0.785х<£ =0.785xl.42 = 1.53 86 m2

5. Lyuk yuzasi:

F,

= 0.785xrff = 0.785x0.52 = 0.1962 m2

XT- u *

F,

0.1962 n

6. Nisbat: ——= --------- =0.127

1.5386

7. Bug'lanish yuzasining yopiqUgini hisobga oluvchi koeffitsient:

-^ -= 0 .1 2 7 ,k. = 0.2

8.  Suyuqlik komponentlarining qaynash temperaturasi:

Suv  —  100°C,  benzol  —  80.1°C,  dixloretan  —  83.5°C

9.  B u g 'la n ish   y u z a sin in g   tem p e ra tu r a si  p a sa y ish in i  h isob ga  o lu v c h i

koeffitsientlar  k,,:

Suv  -   1.3

Benzol  —  1.5

Dixloretan  —  1.3

10.  Yuqori burchakdan suv yuzasigacha b o‘lgan balandlik:

h

  =

Hap(l  -   km)

  =   2.5(1  -   0.7)  =   0.75  m

11. Suyuqlik yuzasidagi gaz aralashmasining komponentlarining konsentratsiyasi:

(punkt  9 ,1 1-masaladan)

16^М,1000

' ” (273 + 0133.3

C„i0

=39876

CE =

96258

Сд = 81710

12.  Tashqi  muhit  gaz  kom ponentlarining  parsial  bosim i,  Pa  (punkt  6 ,1 1 -

masaladan):

> = fi!p

t  =   40°C  da  />„,<,=  6676.6  0.5  =   3338  Pa,  P„=  0,  Рд=   0

13.  Lyuk  orqali  bug'lanib  tashqi  muhitga  tashlanmayotgan  gaz  aralashmasi

komponentlarining  konsentratsiyasi,  g/soat:

k2 in-^D, xFxC,

B~ p«,

G, = — x 10 —*---------- -x

In

------- —

a )-,

0.2 ,„ .,2 4 .6 9 * 1 0 ^ x 3 6 0 0 x 1 .5 3 8 6 x 3 9 8 7 6

, 101325-3328 n A ,* „

' G, j , - ——

xlO -------------------------------------------------- - x I n ------------------- =0.0364

•

1.3

0.75

101325-5759

397

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0.2 1Л_, 11.в З х Ю ^ 'х 3600x1.5386x96258 ,

101325 - 0

C i

= — x i o ------------------------------------------------x l n ----------------------- =0.0419

1.5

0.75

101325 -3 2 0 6 .4

„

0.2 . . . . 1 0 .5 4 x 1 0 ^ x 3 6 0 0 x 1 .5 3 8 6 x 8 1 7 1 0 ,

101325 - 0

НЪ

, = — хЮ ------------------------------------------------x l n ---------------------=0.038

1.3

0.75

101325 -2 1 4 8

5-jadval

Variantlar:

Benzol - 45 %

Dixloretan -25 %

Suv - 30 %

С лн> = 15 mg/m3

Benzol - 50 %.

Dixloretan -20%

Suv- 3 0 %

С SHi =

10 mg/m3

t = 48°C

Benzol - 30 %

Dixloretan -30 %

Suv - 40 %

C.w, = 10 mg/m3

t = 44°C

Benzol

20 %

Dixloretan -40%

S uv- 3 0 %

С Л7Л = 5 mg/m3

t = 46°C

t = 42UC

d

=

0.7m

dap =

1.6 m

d =

0.2 m

d a p

= 1.5 m

3 m

d =

1 m

d a P =

1.4 m

N a p =

2.5m

d

= 0.35

d „ p =

2 m

N a p

= 4

Benzol - 40 %

Dixloretan-30%

S uv- 3 0 %

C .y h ,

= 15 mg/m3

t = 40°C

d

-

0.5 m

dap

= 2.5 m

Nap

= 2.5m

Benzol - 10 %

Dixloretan -3 0 %

Suv - 60 %

СЛН) = 5 mg/m3

t = 30°C

d =

1 m

d op

=

1.8 m

N0p =

2.5m

Benzol - 35 %

Dixloretan - 25%

S u v - 4 0 %

С.™, = 1 5 mg/m3

t = 40°C

rf= 1 .5 m

dap

2 m

N a p

=

3.5m

Benzol - 25 %

Dixloretan -20%

Suv - 55 %

C.w, = 5 mg/m3

t = 45°C

d =

0.5 m

dap

— 1 - 8 in

Nv =

3

398

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24.4. 0 ‘L C H 0V BIRLIKLARI VA BA’ZI BIRIKMALARNING

XOSSALARI

BIRLIKLARNI 0 ‘TKAZISH

Bosim

atm

psia

kPa = kPa b ar = bar mm H g= m m .rtst

atm

14.696

101325

1.01325

760

1 Dsia

0.068046

6.894733

0.068947

51.71475

1 kRa =

0.00986 0.14503

0.010000

7.500617

bar

0.986923 14.5038

100.0000

750.0616

1 m m H g =

0.001316 0.01933

0.133322

0.001333

H a ro ra t

Kelvinaa, К = V + 273.1: 5 = ( ( ° F - 3 2 ) / 1 .8) + 273.15 = ° R / 1 .8

Selsiyga, °S - K - 2 7 3 . 1 5 = ( ° F -3 2 )/l .8 = (°R /1 .8 )-2 7 3 .1 5

Farengeytga. °F = (1.8 x (K -2 7 3 .1 5 ))+ 3 2 = ( 1 .8 x°C ) + 3 2 -° R -4 59.67

Rankinga, °R = (1 .8 x K) = 1.8x(°C +-273.15) = °F+ 459.67

NEFT VA NEFT MAHSULOTLARINI 0 ‘LCHASH BIRLIKLARI

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