Microsoft Word 08 Exam-Checklist Intro21 20211202 V02. docx

I know the difference between teacher orientation and learner orientation.

Teacher-oriented methods follow an instructivist approach (see fig. 3.13). The teacher takes the position of the sage on the stage, who directs and monitors learning step by step in a linear progression toward a goal defined by the curriculum.

Student-oriented methods have shifted attention from teaching to learning, inspired by the turn from Structural Linguistics to Pragmatic Linguistics and Sociolinguistics, as well as from Behaviorist to Cognitive, Constructivist, and Sociocultural Approaches. In order to communicate successfully, learners need forms and functions, but meaning and fluency come before accuracy. Practicing communication requires a move away from the didactic teacher-learner communication and a focus on authentic interaction among learners, which requires picking topics of interest to them. (60-65pages)

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  I know the difference between instructivism and constructivism
  

All students have been in instructivist classes where the instructor used lecture-based teaching. While many learners can learn in this environment, recent studies on how the brain learns suggest that a more effective method of teaching is constructivism. An explanation of both theories follows.
Instructivist Learning Theory
In the instructivist learning theory, knowledge exists independently of the learner, and is transferred to the student by the teacher. As a teacher- centered model, the instructivist view is exhibited by the dispensing of information to the student through the lecture format. This theory requires the student to passively accept information and knowledge as presented by the instructor. While this method has been the basis of education for centuries, it does have drawbacks, especially in the online class.
Constructivist Learning Theory
In the constructivist learning theory, the learner constructs new knowledge through a process of analyzing new information and comparing it to previous knowledge. Student-centered, rather than teacher-centered, the constructivist theory is best exemplified by instructors who provide guidance, rather than spoon feeding knowledge to the student in the lecture hall. The student is control of whether or not he or she learns, not the instructor.
Constructivism helps students comprehend how they understand or know a topic. Interactions with a learning environment provide the stimulus for learning through cognitive conflict as learners continually compare new knowledge with old knowledge and make a determination concerning which is more valuable. Building a model, designing a chart, and completing a project are all examples constructivist learning activities.

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