Microsoft Word Revised Syllabus Ver doc

Translation for children
Every translation has a target to reach. The strategies followed in translating them 
differ according to the masses for which it is addressed. Translation for children should be 
very simple and melodious so that children could easily understand them and get the 
inspiration in their mother tongue. The illustrations handled must also be understood by the 
children easily.
Translations of Cine Dialogues
The dialogues in many movies are translated (known as sub-titling also) from 
different languages like Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, etc. and they 
occupy a unique place. If the film had an over-dose of dialogues then the sub-titles should be 
given in an abridged form which indeed would be a challenging job to the translator. 
However, when the dialogues are sparingly used then the task of sub-titling may not pose 
severe problems from the point of view of space.
Translation of Religious Texts
Translating the religious books of one religion into another language comes under this 
category of translation. European Missionaries who visited the oriental countries during 
medieval period are pioneers in this type of translation. Translation of religious texts leads to 
acculturation among the target people.

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Machine Translation
The idea of using machines to provide translations between natural languages has--
been recognized since the 1930s, but an appropriate climate for development did not arise 
until the years following the Second World War. At that time, the rise of information theory, 
the success of advanced code-breaking techniques, and the invention of the electronic 
computer all indicated that machine translation (MT) could be a reality 
However, initial results were not encouraging. The systems proved to be very limited 
in the kind of data they could handle. Translations were crude, full of errors, and required so 
much human post-editing that they proved to be more expensive than having a human 
translator carry out the whole task in the first place. The main reason was the lack of a 
sufficiently sophisticated linguistic theory to provide a frame of reference for the tasks that 
MT needed to undertake. The earliest MT systems did little more than look for equivalence's 
between the words in each language - in effect, they acted as an automatic bilingual 
dictionary. After several decades of linguistic research, it is easy to see why these approaches 
could not have worked. They ignored the problem posed by the grammatical dimension of 
language analysis-the different levels of syntactic organization, and the absence of 
straightforward formal correspondences between units of grammar (such as is illustrated by 
the use of the definite article). They also ignored the different ways in which languages 
structure meaning: word-for-word translation is often not possible and usually not desirable. 
There was no way of distinguishing between the different senses of words or deciding 
whether a group of words were idioms. Many ambiguities can be resolved only by using an 
analysis in terms of semantics or of real-world knowledge, and such analyses were not 
available at that tie. There was evidently a great deal more to MT than 'code breaking. 
The dissatisfaction was summarized in a US report of 1966 by the Automatic 
Language focusing Advisory Committee (ALPAC), which concluded that human translating 
was faster, more accurate, and less expensive than MT, and has no further support for the 
latter should be provided. As a consequence, only a minimal amount of MT research was 
carried on in subsequent years, either in the USA or in Europe (though continued support was 
provided in the Soviet Union). 
The pendulum has begun to swing back again in recent years, following the major 
intellectual and technological developments of the 1970s in linguistics and computing. A new 
mood is abroad promoted by the promising practical achievements of new commercial 
projects by the great potential of the new research programmes in artificial intelligence, and 
by an increased theoretical awareness of the translation task which has come from progress in 
linguistics. There is also a greater realism concerning what MT can and cannot do, and a 
recognition of the need to devise techniques of human/machine collaboration, in order to get 
the best results from both.
More and more people are finding that the benefits outweigh the disadvantages, and 
this in turn adds to the mood of optimism that pervades current MT debate. At present the 
MT world is still quite a small one, with few research programmes and commercial 
organizations involved. This situation is likely to change dramatically by the end of the 
century.

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