Minds and Computers : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence

operant conditioning
the kind of conditioning described by Skinner,
which di
ffers from Pavlovian conditioning in that the stimulus fol-
lowing the behaviour also has a conditioning e
ffect.
parallelism
a kind of mind–body dualism according to which minds
and bodies do not interact, but God set things up initially – in pre-
ordained harmony – in such a way that it appears as if they do.
Pavlovian conditioning
the process by which some particular stimu-
lus comes to reliably give rise to some particular behaviour.
per se
as such.
petitio principii
the fallacy of begging the question, wherein one
assumes the concession of the very proposition in question.
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phonemes
idealised categories – to which phones assimilate – which
represent the stock of atomic meaningful speech sounds in a
language.
phones
phonetically realised speech sounds.
phonetic realisation rules
the rules according to which allophonic
variants of phonemes are produced in context-dependent comple-
mentary distributions.
phrase structure grammar
a deterministic formal system such that
each rule is context free and contains exactly one symbol on the
input side.
phrase structure tree
the generation tree of a phrase structure
grammar.
positivism
the false doctrine, influential in the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries, according to which ‘real’ or ‘positive’
science should treat exclusively of observable entities.
predicate
in linguistics, a verb with all its complements. For the pur-
poses of this volume a predicate can be thought of as expressing a
property or relation.