Ministry of health protection of the republic of uzbekistan

Notes
1. shortness of breath – одышка (nafas qisishi, xansirash)


Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the words until, since, than, that, above, all.
1. The upper portion of the respiratory tract is affected more often ... the lower one. 2. ... the cilia can no longer clear the lungs of mucus it accumulates ... the flow of air through the bronchioles is obstructed.3. This obstruction then evokes coughing ... helps to clear the lungs.4. ... chronic bronchitis should receive the treatment of a physician.


Exercise 6. Make the plan of text А in written form.
LESSON 12


Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations:
widespread ['waidspred] а широко распространенный, keng tarqalgan
danger ['dein ] n опасность, dangerous а опасный, xavf, xavfli
drug [dr g] n лекарство, dori
aggravate [' gr veit] v ухудшать(ся), yomonlashmoq
congestion [k n'd es n] n застой, to’silish
congestive [k n'd estiv] а застойный, to’siluvchan
headache ['hedeik] n головная боль, bosh og’riq
moist [moist] а сырой, влажный moisten ['moistn] v увлажнять, nam, ho’l, namlamoq


Exercise 2. Read text В in 10 minutes. 1) Tell how many parts this text can be divided into. 2) Find sentences with the predicates in Continuous (Active and Passive Voice). 3) Translate these sentences.


TEXT В. TOBACCO AND ITS EFFECTS

Tobacco smoking is probably the most widespread and dangerous drug usage. The cigarette consumption has generally been subject to certain factors. For example, the greatest increases in smoking have occurred during wars.

The main reason for this periodic increase was that the population in general experienced increased tension. Another reason for this increase during wartime was that young soldiers were being introduced to smok­ing as a tension reliever.
Despite public information campaigns on the subject, too few smok­ers realize the degree and extent of damage to their bodies associated with cigarette smoking.
Minor ailments directly related to smoking compete with the com­mon cold as major causes of the time lost from work and studies.
Recently, studies of large groups of people have shown that cigarette smokers are more likely to die of certain cardiovascular diseases than non-smokers. A cause and effect association has theoretically been es­tablished between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary attacks in humans, especially men between 35 and 55 years of age. The risk of death in male cigarette smokers in relation to non-smokers is greater in middle age than in old age. Smoking is being increasingly linked to the development of respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and emphysema. Air pollution and respiratory infections as well as smoking cause and aggravate chronic bronchitis and emphysema.


Normal lung tissue
Emphysema

Fig. 15. Alveoli in normal lung tissue and emphysema.

Smokers are not only polluting their own air with their cigarettes but are subjecting non-smokers, who make up three quarters of the popula­tion, to nearly the same health risk. Subjected to the effects of side-stream smoke, non-smokers may breathe in many of the toxic chemi­cals of the cigarette from the environment they are in and are, in fact, “passively smoking”. “Side-stream smoke” produced from the burning end of the cigarette contains very high concentrations of toxic chemi­cals which are usually perceived as unpleasant by both smokers and non-smokers.

Allergic reaction to smoke is common. Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema or ischemic heart disease sufferers experience reactions to passive smoking that range from mild nasal congestion and eye irrita­tion to headache, dermatitis and even a few life-threatening asthmatic attacks. People with advanced respiratory and cardiac breath literally fight for life.
Tobacco contains more than hundred known chemical compounds including nicotine. Some of the substances found in tobacco remain in the ashes of a burned cigarette; others are greatly changed during the burning process. Moreover, additional compounds are being produced during combustion, and it is some of these materials that are of great concern to scientists and physicians. The composition of the cigarette smoke that enters the human body has been the primary aim of most analytical studies.
Nicotine and at least 15 other compounds found in cigarette smoke are known to be cancerogens — cancer-causing substances. When a person inhales cigarette smoke, the smoke is passing down the trachea (windpipe) to the bronchial tubes and into the lungs. Autopsies of hundreds of human lungs have shown that it is precisely in these areas of maximum exposure that precancerous changes are most likely to appear.
Thus there are some relationships between smoking, lung cancer, and many other respiratory conditions. Furthermore, cigarette smoke is it­self an irritant. Heavy smokers feel this irritation in their throats and will be developing “smoker's cough” after a few years of smoking.