Ministry оf highеr аnd sеcоndаry spеciаlizеd еducаtiоn оf thе rеpublic оf uzbеkistаn stаtе univеrsity оf wоrld lаnguаgеs mеdiа аnd cоmmunicаtiоn fаculty

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL ISSUES OF STEREOTYPES INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION.
The concept of intercultural communication. Intercultural communication is the exchange of ideas between individuals from various cultural backgrounds. Intercultural communication is the study of how interactions between various cultural groups affect communication behavior. As a result, one perspective on intercultural communication is that it takes place in symbolic intercultural settings. People from various cultures construct shared meanings through the symbolic, interpretative, transactional, and contextual process of intercultural communication. People from one culture attempt to understand the information being sent to them by other cultures through intercultural communication. For instance, hotel employees determine what services to offer based on the needs and preferences of their guests. Customers communicate their needs to hoteliers as well.
In interpersonal communication, both verbal (oral) and non – verbal modes exist. The non-verbal mode is silent, exhibiting body language using eye contact, hand movements, facial expressions, and other body gestures. Non-verbal behavior is preferred and adopted more by females than males.White people give more importance to non-verbal behavior. Interested academics and academics have researched the different intercultural communication aspects. Such studies are being used in business concerns, management, advertising, commercial establishments, website design, etc. These uses have become global as these establishments have wide networks all over the world. For them, IC is essential for the enlargement of their business and maximization of their profits by better managing their staff and understanding their consumer’s needs. There are verbal (oral) and nonverbal modalities of interpersonal communication.The non-verbal mode is quiet and uses hand gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and other body language to communicate.Females favor and use nonverbal conduct more than guys do.More emphasis is placed on nonverbal conduct by white individuals.
Academics and researchers who are interested in intercultural communication have studied many elements of it. Such studies are employed in management, marketing, advertising, retail settings, website design, etc. Due to these businesses' extensive global networks, these usage are now widespread. For them, IC is crucial to the growth of their company and the maximizing of their earnings through better employee management and consumer comprehension.
Interpersonal harmony and mediation are examples of relational role behavior.Acceptance of ambiguity and the unknown: The capacity to respond to novel circumstances without much distress.Posture during interactions: Giving others empathetic, descriptive responses.Patience Being attentive Clarity Important elements Edit proficiency in the language of the host culture, including knowledge of its vocabulary and grammar.Knowing how to ask politely and how to avoid giving away too much information are all part of linguistic pragmatics.sensitivity to and awareness of the nonverbal communication styles of many cultures.recognizing that certain gestures may not be appropriate or may have a different meaning in the host culture than in one's own.Understanding the paralinguistic sounds and proximity of a culture to convey their intended meaning.
Understanding amongst people with the intention of fostering a future of appreciation, sturdiness, and diversity.
Traits\sEdit
Flexibility.
Theories of cross-cultural communicationIntercultural communication kinds and philosophies come in a wide variety. The crucial ones are as follows:Social science approach: This model focuses on observing behavior in order to describe and contrast it with behavior from other cultures. Additionally, depending on who they are speaking to, it looks at how people modify their communication with others in various contexts.
For instance, how we relate the same tale to our best friend and our grandmother will differ.
Interpretive strategy: This idea emphasizes learning about a culture through communication in the form of shared narratives based on a person's unique, subjective experiences.putting up with a lot of uncertainty.
Self-reflection.
Open-mindedness.
Sensitivity.
Adaptability.
Thinking laterally and "outside the box"
The development of trust between the persons engaged as well as informal understandings between them are essential for effective communication.
When there is trust, communication is implicitly understood, cultural differences may be overlooked, and issues can be resolved more quickly.
In different civilizations, trust has different meanings and is formed and conveyed in different ways.
Similar to this, some cultures seem to be more trusting than others.
Intercultural communication issues are typically caused by issues in message transmission and reception.Ethnography is heavily utilized in this study since the main focus is on intercultural communication as it is employed in specific speech communities.
This model does not attempt to make universal predictions based on its findings because the individual environment is so crucial to it.
Dialectical method: This technique looks at features of cross-cultural communication in terms of six contrasts: cultural vs. individual, personal vs. contextual, differences vs. similarities, static vs. dynamic, history vs. past-present-future, and privilege vs. disadvantage.
We can avoid putting everything in either-or dichotomies by taking a broader perspective and understanding the tensions that must be resolved by using a dialectical approach, which enables us to think about culture and intercultural communication in complicated ways. Critical thinking:This method analyzes cultures in light of how they differ from the researcher's own culture, paying particular attention to how these cultures are portrayed in the media. The critical approach is intricate and multifaceted, which results in a deep comprehension of cross-cultural communication.
Modes:
Standard
Our societies are mainly influenced by the institutional structures that we consider a major pillar of society. A necessary element of culture is the borderline that differentiates “them” from “us.” Every human being belongs to a certain group that is defined by certain boundaries. Boundaries are typically formed by nation-states like the US, Chinese, Canadians, or by some ethnic groups of people with a certain tribal, national, or regional heritage for example, Jewish, Russian, Kurdish, European, African. Within a certain boundary, people communicate and behave differently with each other than with people outside the boundary. The difference may or may not be visible in the language, but in actions, it shows a significant difference. The multicultural hierarchy in societies
The institutional frameworks that we regard as a fundamental tenet of society have a significant influence on our societies.
The divide separating "them" from "us" is a crucial component of culture.
Every person is a member of a particular group that has predetermined boundaries.
A nationstate, such as the US, China, or Canada, or some ethnic groups of individuals with a particular tribal, national, or regional heritage, such as the Jewish, Russian, Kurdish, European, or African populations, are often the ones that draw boundaries. People interact and behave differently with each other inside and outside of a particular border. The distinction may or may not be seen in language, but it is clearly evident in deeds.



Picture 1
Meanings and functions of stereotypes
A stereotype is a generalized opinion about a specific group of people that is used in social psychology. People may have this expectation of every member of a given group. Expectations can take many different forms; they might relate to a group's personality, interests, appearance, or skill. Stereotypes can occasionally be true even when they are overgeneralized, unreliable, and resistant to new knowledge.
Picture2
Dutch print from the 18th century shows people from all around the world, dressed as they would be in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
An Englishman, a Dutchman, a German, and a Frenchman are depicted below.

Police officers buying coffee and doughnuts is viewed as archetypal behavior in North America.
When applied to specific individuals, these generalizations about groups of people may be accurate, but they may also be incorrect, which is one of the causes of prejudice.
Stereotypes
A person's perception by society is based on the various affiliations he holds. Stereotyping is the term for this. The way society perceives a person is not always accurate.For example, someone of a particular race may be linked to negative activities like terrorism, and someone with a particular religious affiliation may be thought to behave erratically. This is so that practices that are acceptable in one religion may be offensive and outlawed in another. One with a particular political affiliation could be thought to be deficient in humanity.This is primarily due to their support for political choices that could harm society.Such impressions are false, and one should not judge others based on them. Instead, these individuals ought to be assimilated into society so that others can engage with them and learn more about their true personalities. Stereotyping can result in stigmatization of individuals, which is wrong. Regardless of their diverse affiliations, every member of the society deserves respect. It is repressive and degrading to limit someone to a set number or type of associations. It is wrong, hence it shouldn't be supported.
A stereotype is an uncritical assumption about a group. It is frequently created through extensive long-term observation of members of that group, therefore it may not always be erroneous. The following are some examples of stereotypes: "Americans are loud," "Jews are frugal," "Brazilian women are attractive," or "Asians are strong at arithmetic." Stereotypes are problematic because they do not apply to all members of a group (no group is homogeneous and always behaves or thinks in the same way), and they are frequently imposed on a group by individuals who are not members of that group, which raises the possibility that they will be misunderstood or that they will be based on a limited understanding of the group in question (lack of cultural context.)For these reasons, we should avoid making assumptions about others based on stereotypes and refrain from declaring statements like "All X do Y."
Earlyresearch claimed that only inflexible, repressed, and authoritarian individuals employed stereotypes. It was proposed to view stereotypes as collective group beliefs, which would mean that people who belong to the same social group share the same set of stereotypes. However, recent studies that suggest the prevalence of stereotypes have refuted this idea
According to contemporary research, in order to fully comprehend stereotypes, it is necessary to see them from two contrasting angles: as held by members of a certain society or subculture and as created in an individual's mind. relationship between social and cognitive processesEditStereotyping can have cognitive effects on interpersonal relationships and social effects on intergroup relationships.
In order for intergroup stereotyping to be effective (see social identity approaches:
Self-categorization and the notion of social identitie
social identity theory and self-categorization theory), an individual must see themselves as part of a group and being part of that group must also be salient for the individual.Craig McGarty, Russell Spears, and Vincent Y. Yzerbyt (2002) argued that the cognitive functions of stereotyping are best understood in relation to its social functions, and vice versa. Cognitive functionsEdit Stereotypes can help make sense of the world. They are a form of categorization that helps to simplify and systematize information. Thus, information is more easily identified, recalled, predicted, and reacted to. Stereotypes are categories of objects or people. Between stereotypes, objects or people are as different from each other as possible. Within stereotypes, objects or people are as similar to each other as possible.According to the social identity theory and self-categorization theory, a person must perceive themselves as a member of a group and value their membership in that group. According to Craig McGarty, Russell Spears, and Vincent Y. Yzerbyt (2002), it is essential to understand stereotyping's cognitive and social functions in connection to one another.Mental processesEditStereotypes can be useful in understanding the world. They are a type of categorisation that aids in the organization and simplification of data.As a result, it is simpler to recognize, recall, anticipate, and respond to information. Stereotypes are classifications of things or individuals. Objects or individuals are as dissimilar from one another as is conceivable between stereotypes.Throughout stereotypes, things or people are as similar as possible to one another.
The reasons why humans find it simpler to interpret categorized information have been theorized by Gordon Allport.
To start, users might look for a category to see common response patterns. Second, categorized information emphasizes characteristics that are common to all members of a group, making it more specific than uncategorized information. Thirdly, because items in the same category share recognizable traits, people can easily describe them. Finally, because a category itself could be an arbitrary grouping, people might take its properties for granted.
Stereotypes as a barrier in intercultural communication
Hugs and kisses are given as a way for Chileans to close the gap with visitors by greeting one another. However, this manner of greeting is hardly ever used in China or India. As a result, it was simpler for the Chilean to welcome Americans or Germans in their native tongue. Indians might not engage in the same level of one-on-one communication that Germans do, and they might not be as friendly with one another. People of all ages who are of the same gender stroll hand in hand and in embraces together in the streets of China, which is unusual in some of the other MF countries (see: Cultural Influences). The language barrier might be one of the biggest obstacles to communication when speaking to people from different cultures.However, cultural differences may still have an impact on communication even when speakers of the same language are present. People's vocal and nonverbal communication styles can reveal these varia ces. People's facial expressions and how they read others' facial emotions can be influenced by culture. Smiling, for instance, can suggest that someone is approachable and kind in the United States. But in Japanese society, it's anticipated that no one will smile at a stranger because it's considered impolite, especially for ladies. Whether someone comes from a low context culture or a high context culture may influence how they communicate. People in high context cultures explain everything they say and presumptively don't know anything about the subject at hand. On the other side, in low context cultures, it is assumed that individuals comprehend what is being told to them; as a result, they do not go into great detail while speaking. Making eye contact can convey interest in a conversation partner and attention to a message. Making frequent eye contact is viewed as being honest in some cultures, whereas avoiding eye contact is viewed as being shifty and dishonest. However, other cultures interpret eye contact in a different way. These societies view excessive eye contact as an aggressive sign and an insult, hence members of these societies avoid it.People in these cultures will indicate that they are paying attention to another person by glancing at them just infrequently because they believe that excessive eye contact is disrespectful and a sign of aggressiveness. Depending on cultural standards, speaking might be formal or informal. People in informal cultures speak to everyone in the same way because they believe that everyone is equal. In more formal societies, it is considered that there is a hierarchy among people, and depending on whom they are speaking to, they are required to observe specific etiquette. Whether a culture is contact or noncontact may influence how individuals interact with one another. People in contact cultures are expected to touch each other while conversing.People are expected to touch one other when they are speaking and to stand near to one another in contact cultures. This kind of touching is regarded as inappropriate, intrusive, and aggressive in noncontact cultures. People in these cultures prefer to stand farther apart and avoid physical contact .
Language barriers
All teams have a similar language, but when some team members speak it more well than others, it causes social isolation. People who are less proficient in English tend to avoid communication in global teams, which means the team might not get all the input it needs. If someone speak too quickly or use too much slang, it may be difficult to understand what they are saying. This might also affect how others view a person's performance and competence.
Some key barriers for cross-cultural communications
Ethnocentrism
Everybody naturally tends to view other cultures through their own perspectives. Ethnocentrism occurs when we erroneously think that our style of thinking and acting is the only valid one. As a result, we view behaviors adversely if they don't match our conception of the universe. We view other people's actions as strange and inappropriate. Another negative effect of ethnocentrism is the "we versus them" mentality it fosters.
Stéréotyping
Another prevalent practice is to generalize crudely about individuals from various cultures. In reality, there are several crosscultural training programs available that perpetuate stereotypes by emphasizing memorization of cultural differences. Understanding differences can be a good place to start. But because every person is different, it is impossible to predict how they will act just by looking at their nationality.