CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT
3
Figure 2
Vacuum distillation column.
the condensate (C3-C4), and the bottoms (Stabilized-LSR). This
column has no side products, nor is it fed with steam; the separation
agent is the heat provided by the reboiler.
The configuration of the stabilization column is shown in
Figure 3.
Product Specifications
The specifications of the products are the characteristics that these
must have in order to accomplish a correct separation of the dif-
ferent fractions. These specifications are given as cut points in
a distillation curve according to the norms ASTM-D86 [7] and
ASTM-D1160 [8].
Products of Atmospheric Distillation.
• LSR D86 95% (Volume %) = 232
◦
F.
• Naphtha D86 95% (Volume %) = 360
◦
F.
• Kero D86 95% (Volume %) = 515
◦
F.
• Diesel D86 95% (Volume %) = 650
◦
F.
• AGO D86 95% (Volume %) = 820
◦
F.
Figure 3
Stabilization column.
Products of Vacuum Distillation.
• LHGV D1160 95% (Volume %) = 805
◦
F.
Products of Stabilization.
• Molar fraction of IC5 in C3-C4 = 0.01.
• Molar fraction of NC4 in STAB.-LSR = 0.025.
Mathematical Model
The equilibrium model for distillation is the result of combining the
equations of mass balance, energy balance, summation of molar
fractions, and equilibrium of phases. These equations, known as
MESH equations [9], are used to describe a series of equilibrium
stages in countercurrent as is the case of the distillation columns.
At each stage, the model uses as variables: molar flow of liquid,
molar fractions of liquid, molar flow of vapor, molar fractions of
vapor, molar flow of product stream, molar fractions of product
stream, heat input, and temperature of the stage. Additionally, the
reflux ratio in the condenser is used as a model variable.
The equilibrium model is based on the equality of chemical
potentials of each component in the phases, which in terms of
execution is equivalent to the equality of partial their fugacities.
Considering petroleum to be a mixture of non-polar components,
the Peng & Robinson [10] equation of state can be used for the
calculation of thermodynamic properties such as density, enthalpy,
entropy, and fugacity coefficient in the function of temperature,
pressure and the composition of the phases.
Due to the variety of molecules that compose petroleum, it
is necessary to characterize it as a mixture of a limited number of
pseudo-components. They are similar to the different fractions of
crude and they have physical properties that represent an average of
the properties of various compounds. Thermodynamic properties
such as density, viscosity, acentric factor, and critical points are
estimated using the calculated average boiling point and molecular
weight of the pseudo-component [11].
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