Module 1 – Grammar

Demotivate: see motivation. 
 
Developmental error: see error. 
Error 
A mistake that a learner makes when trying to say something above their level of language or language processing.
A developmental error is an error made by a second language learner which could also be made by a 
young person learning their mother tongue as part of their normal development, e.g. I goed there last week 
(I went there last week).
See slip. 

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© 
UCLES 
Cambridge 
ESOL 
2005
12
Expectation
noun
 
A belief that something will happen, e.g. He has an expectation that he will win. 
Exposure 
noun
, expose 
verb 
When learners listen to or read language without being consciously aware of it.
 
Factor 
A fact or situation which influences the result of something, e.g. the factors which decide whether someone learns a 
language successfully or not. 
 
First language: see mother tongue, L1. 
 
Focus on form 
To pay attention to language by identifying and practising it. 
Goals 
Aims that a student or teacher may have. 
 
Guidance 
Help given by a teacher with learning, or with doing a task. 
Ignore (errors)
To choose not to pay attention to something such as an error made by a student. A teacher may do this if they want 
to help the student with fluency, not accuracy.