Monocomplementive, tran-sit I vc The railings

Don't forget shutting the windows when you leave home.
He 3a6biBafiTe 3at
Don't forget to shut the window when you leave home, it is
very windy to-day.
He 3a6y,ibTe 3anpbiTb okho, noraa 6y,aeTe yxojnn. H3 AO.va; ce-
rojiiH 0'ienb BeTpeno.
I don't like interrupting people.
H lie iuo6n\o OTpbmaTb /uo.aeR ot .ae.na.
1 don't like to interrupt him, he seems very busy.
Mne lie xoweTCfl weuiarb e.vy, on, Ka>KercH, oweiib 3anm.
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•

With the verb to remember the infinitive usually refers to the future, and the gerund to the past.
I remember seeing the book in many bookshops. fl noMino, mo BHzte.i 9Ty KHHry bo MHornx Mara3HHax. Remember to buy the book. He 3a6yjbTe KyniiTb 3Ty KHHry.
With the verb to stop the infinitive and the gerund have dif­ferent syntactical functions.
The gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.
They stopped talking when he came in. (Qalsworthy) Kor/ja oh Bouje.i, ohh nepecTa/in roBopHTb.
The infinitive has the function of an adverbial modifier of pur­pose.
She stopped to exchange a few words with a neighbour.
(Dickens)
OHa odaHOBH/iacb, mo6bi no6o/iTaTb c coceziKoH.
§ 23. The functions of the gerund in the sentence.
The gerund may be used in various syntactic functions. A single gerund occurs but seldom; in most cases we find a gerundial phrase or a gerundial construction.
1. The gerund as a subject.
Talking mends no holes, (proverb)
Pa3roBopbi He noMoraioT b 6e.ae.
Waiting for the Professor was a lame excuse for doing nothing.
(Heym)
To, mo mu. yKfla.iH npocbeccopa, 6bi;io c/iaGbiM onpaBziaHHeM TOMy,
mo mh HHMero He .ae^a/m.
My answering in the affirmative gave him great satisfaction.
(Dickens)
To, mo a oTBeTH/i yTBepAHTe/ibHO, 6bi/io e>iy OMeHb npHHTHo.
The gerund used as a subject may follow the predicate; in these cases the sentence opens with the introductory it (which serves as an introductory subject) or with the construction there is.
It's no use talking like that to me. (Shaw)
Becno/ie3HO roBopnTb co mhoH b raKOM Tone.
There was no mistaking the expression on her face. (Collins)
Bi.ipa>KeHHfl ee JiHua ne/ib3H 6w;io ne noHHTb.
Note. — There is another view according to which it is the subject and the rest of the sentence is the predicate.
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2. The gerund as a predicative.
The only remedy for such a headache as mine is going to bed
(Collins)
EflHHCTBeHHoe cpeacTBO ot TaKoH ro/iOBHon Go/ih, Kan y Mena, —
9To zieMb cnaTb.
3. The gerund as part of a compound verbal predicate.
(a) With verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality the gerund
forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate.
We intend going to Switzerland, and climbing Mount Blanc.
(Ch. Bronte)
Mbi xothm noexaTb b lilBeRnapnio h nomiHTbca Ha MoH6/iaH.
Joseph could not help admiring the man. (Heym)
H>K03e(p He Mor He BocxumaibCH bthm Me/iOBeKOM.
(b) With verbs denoting the beginning, the duration, or the end
of an action, the gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect
predicate.
She began sobbing and weeping. (Dickens)
In the night it started raining. (Hemingway)
Bathsheba continued walking. (Hardy)
Tom went on whitewashing. (Twain)
She took my hand and kept on laughing. (Hemingway)
Isabella ceased speaking. (E. Bronte)
(For detailed treatment of the compound verbal predicate see Chapter XV, § 16, 17.)
4. The gerund as an object.
The gerund may be used as a direct object and as a preposi­tional indirect- object.
I simply love riding. (Galsworthy) (direct object)
H npodo o6o>Kaio KaTaibca BepxoM.
She enjoyed singing and playing to him. (London) (direct object)
En nocTaB/ia;io yitOBO.ibCTBue neTb h HrpaTb n.na Hero.
The times were good for building ... (Galsworthy) (prepositional
INDIRECT OBJECT)
Bpe.MH nun nocTpoflKH /joMa 6w/io caMoe noztxoj5mj.ee.
Charlie did not succeed in taking things easily. (Priestley)
(PREPOSITIONAL INDIRECT OBJECTi
Hap/in He yaaBa^ocb CMOTpeTb /ienPerhaps you wouldn't mind Richard's coming in? (Dickens)
(COMPLEX OBJECT)
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Mo«eT 6biTb, bw ne dyaeie B03pa>KaTb npomB Toro, mtoGh Bowe.1
Piiqapfl?
Aunt Augusta won't quite approve of your being here. (Wilde)
(PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX OBJECT)
TeTfl Aisryda Oy/reT ne o^eiib noBO/ibna TeM, wto bu 3iiecb.
5. The gerund as an attribute.
In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition.
Swithin protruded his pale round eyes with the effort of hearing. (Galsworthy)
Cyn3HH uinpoKO oTKpwfl cboh OecuBeTHue Kpyr/iue r;ia3a, CTa-pancb yc^biiuaTb pa3roBop.
He was born with the gift of winning hearts. (Qaskell) On pojiiTiCH c AapoM noicopHTb cep.fl.ua.
She had a feeling of having been worsted... (Galsworthy) y nee Ou/io MyncTiso, «i i o nazi nen oaepwa/iH Bepx ... ...there's no chance of their getting married for years. (Gals­worthy)
...neT HHKaKon naneambi na to, mto ohu c.MoryTCKopo nowenHTbcn. Presently there was the sound of the car being brought to the door. (Du Maurier) BcKope nocibiiua;iCH myiu aBTOMoOu/iH, KOTopun no.fl,'be3>Ka;i k ziBepH.
6. The gerund as an adverbial modifier.
In this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of time, man­ner, attendant circumstances, cause, condition, purpose and con­cession; the most common functions are those of adverbial modi­fiers of time, manner, and attendant circumstances.
(a) As an adverbial modifier of time the gerund is preceded by the preposition after, before, on (upon), in or at.
After leaving her umbrella in the hall, she entered the living room. (Cronin)
OcraBHB 30hthk b nepeAHefl, oHa Boin/ia b rocTHHyio. He was to have three days at home before going back to farm. (Galsworthy)
Oh flo^>KeH 6h/i npoOun. Tpu hhh romz, npewfle ieM B03BpaTHTbca Ha tbepMy.
On reaching Casterbridge he left the horse and trap at an inn. (Hardy) ripiiexan b KacTep6pn.u>K, oh ocTaBH^ nomzRb h skuuztk b rocTHHHue. Mr. Bumble's conduct on being left to himself was rather inex­plicable. (Dickens) IIoBeAeniie Mucrepa BaMO/ia, nonia oh ocTa/ica ozwh, Ou.no ne
COBCeM nOHHTIIO.
Upon waking i found myself much recovered. (Swift)
Konaa n npocnyjiCfl (lipociiyBUJuci.), h no^yBCTBOBa/i ceOa shzhvi-
Te^.bHo .'jyiiiie.
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In quitting the room he paused once more at my desk. (Ch. Bronte)
Buxoah H3 KOMHaTu, oh eme pa3 ocTaHOBH^CH y Moero nucbMen-
noro cro/ia.
Clare turned at hearing her footsteps... (Hardy)
yciuiuaB ee uiarn, K.iap or;uuiy;iCH.
N o t c.— In the function of an adverbial modifier of time the gerund sometimes competes with the participle.
George, on hearing the story, grinned. (Galsworthy)
^wopjw, yc.ibiuiaB 3Ty HCTopmo, ycMexny.iCH.
The four girls, hearing him speak in the hall, rushed out of
the library. (Eliot)
Bee leTbipe acbomkh, ycibiuiaB, ito oh roB^piiT b nepejneii,
Bbi6e)Ka.iH »3 6n6.iuoTeKH.
After reaching the second landing... I heard a sound of quiet
and regular breathing on my left-hand side. (Collins)
.TJotua 30 BTopoft n.ioiuaiiKH JiecTiiHiibi, ... n ycibiuia.i c aeBoft
CTopoHbi cnoKofiuoe h poBiioe jibixaHHe.
Reaching the door of the room occupied by Cowperwood and
Aileen, she tapped lightly. (Dreiser)
ilottjui ao ABepu Ko.vnaTbi, KOTopyio 3aiiii.via.iu KaynepByj h 3iLthh,
oua THXoiibKO nocTyia.ia.
(b) As an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used
with the prepositions by or in.
She startled her father by bursting into tears. (Gaskell) Oua nanyra^a CBoero onia TeM, mo pacn.i3Ka.iaCb. The day was spent in. packing. (Du Maurier) JleHb npome.T 3a ynanoBKOft BemeB.
(c) As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the
gerund is preceded by the preposition without.
She was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque without knowing It. (Dreiser)
3ro Ou/ia /Kemmiiia ne 0/iecTnui.aH, ne sneprHmiaa, ho oua Ou.ia oueiib cnoKomia n iicni'iecTBeHiia, caMa roro ne 3iiaa.
(d) As an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly
used with the preposition for.
... one side of the gallery was used for dancing. (Eliot) ... oa.ua CTopona ra.iepeu Hcno/ib30Ba.iacb r.ih TaHueB.
(e) As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded
by the preposition without.
He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited. (Shaw)
On ne HMeeT np.iHii npHXO,a.HTb h OecnoKOHTb uac h oma, ecm ero ne npmviaui.
(f) As an adverbial modifier of cause I md is used with
the prepositions fur, fur fear uf, owing to.
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I feel the better myself for having spent a good deal of my
time abroad. (Eliot)
fl tiVBCTBVio ce6a .nyquie oiToro, mo .ao;iro npowiui 3a rpaiumett.
I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of
myself. (Coppard)
fl He aten npHcyrcrBOBaTb Ha noxopoHax, Tan nan 6oa.acH nocra-
BHTb ce6a b r^ynoe no-ao/Kenne.
(g) As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is pre­ceded by the preposition in spite of.
In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her.
The above examples show that the -gerund preceded by one and the same preposition may be used in different functions: with the preposition without, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances and of condition; with the pre­position in, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of time and of manner; with the preposition for, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose or of cause.
Note.—The Russian He-j-iteenpimacTiie may correspond to the English with­out -f-Gerund or not-\-Participle. It usually corresponds to not-\-Par­ticiple if it is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of cause. He 3Haa aapeca mhcc EeTCH, ilaBHj He Mor eil iianticaTb. Not knowing Miss Betsey's address, David could not write to her. (CAUSE)
If He-f-iteenpmiacTHe is used in the function of adverbial modifiers of attendant circumstances and of condition, it generally corresponds to without -f-Gerund.
IXubwr yexa.i H3 JIonaoHa, HHKOMy HHqero He cKaaaB.
David left London without telling anybody about it. (ATTENDANT
CIRCUMSTANCES)
Ma.ib'iHKH He Mor.iit \xo;um. H3 Ca.uwi-Xayca, He cnpocHB pa3-
pemeHHH.
The boys could not leave Salem House without asking for
permission. (CONDITION)
24. The gerund and the participle.
In most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle does not present any difficulty.
Unlike the participle the gerund may be preceded by a prepo­sition, it may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it can be used in the function of a subject, object, and predicative. In the function of an attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the participle may be used, but the gerund in these functions is always preceded by a preposition.
There are cases, however, when the differentiation between the gerund and the participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always easy to distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a participle used as an attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by the noun does not
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perform the action expressed by the Ing-lovm: e. g. a dancing-hall (a hall for dancing), a cooking-stove (a stove for cooking), walking shoes, a writing-table, etc.
If we have a participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun performs the action expressed by lfre mg-form: e. g. a dancing girl (a girl who dances), a singing cniid,~e\c.
However, there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example a sewing machine may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and a machine which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog that hunts.