Neutral words
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- Dialecticisms
Professionalisms are term-like words. They are used and understood by members of a certain trade or profession.
Their function is to rationalize professional communication and make it economical. This is achieved due to a broad semantic structure of professional terms, which makes them economical substitutes for lengthy Standard English vocabulary equivalents. Compare: scalpel - a small sharp knife used by a doctor for doing an operation; round pliers - a metal tool with round ends that looks like a strong pair of scissors, used for holding small objects or for bending and cutting wire; зачистить населенный пункт (военный арго); отработать подозреваемого (милицейский арго), про звонить линию (арго телефонистов). The foreman in a garage does not need to write on a mechanic's worksheet: "Please regulate the device which provides a constant supply of petrol to the inlet manifold of the engine". He writes: "Adjust the carburetor". Soldiers say: put in a bag = to be killed; picture show = battle; sewing machine = machine gun. Dialecticisms are words used by people of a certain community living in a certain territory. They are peculiar to some district and have no normalized form. In US Southern dialect one might say: "Cousin, у'all talk mighty fine" which means "Sir, you speak English well". In ethnic-immigrant dialects the same sentence will sound as "Paisano, you speek good the English" or "Landsman, your English is plenty all right already". Many former dialectal words have entered the stratum of commonly used colloquial words, e.g., lass = girl (Scottish), lad = a young man; car, trolley, tram – began as dialect words. The Irish English gave, e.g., blarney “flattery”, bog “a spongy, usually peaty ground of marsh”, whiskey. Slang is non-standard vocabulary understood and used by the whole nation.According to the Oxford English dictionary slang is “the language of a highly colloquial style, considered as below the level of standard educated speech and consisting either of new or of current words employed in some special sense”.People use slang to be picturesque, arresting, striking above all, different from others, to avoid the tedium of outmoded hackneyed “common” words, to sound “modern” and “up-to-date”, e.g., mug = face, blinkers = eyes, dogs = feet, to leg = to walk. The main feature of slang is its brightly expressed emotional, evaluative and expressive character, e.g.,to go crazy or become silly (neut.) – to go bananas (slang) to know nothing about smth. (neut.) – not to know beans about (slang) Slang can be classified into general and special. General slang consists of words which are not specific for any social or professional group. Special slang is divided into: Slang is sometimes described as the language of sub-cultures or the language of the streets. It is mainly used by the young and uneducated. Linguistically, slang can be viewed as a sub-dialect. It is hardly used in writing - except for stylistic effect. People resort to slang because it is more forceful, vivid and expressive than standard usages. Slangy words are rough, often scornful (презрительный, пренебрежительный; насмешливый), estimative and humorous. They are completely devoid of intelligence, moral virtue, hospitality, sentimentality and other human values. Slang prefers short words, especially monosyllables. Younger generation is fond of slang, e.g., crazy, foolish = balmy, batty, dippy, dotty, daffy, goofy, wacky, loony. Language as a system of signs reflects any changes in social and cultural life of the nation. And slangy words as the most movable creative layer of the lexis of colloquial style reflect, e.g., the appearing of slang lexis in the culture of jazz, hippy, rock. Download 481.98 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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