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T A F A K K U R T a fa k k u r p six o lo g iy a sin in g p red m eti H ozirgi d a v r d a , tafa kkur p s ixologiya si p re d m e ti n i m a va u n i m a d a n balls etadi, d e g a n savol k o 'p c h il i k n i q iz iq - tirm o q d a . M a ’lu m k i, psixologiya fa n i ta f a k k u r n i o ‘rg a n a d i- gan y a g o n a fa n e m a s , chunki u n i n g a y r i m jih atla rin i logika, filosofiya, h a t t o k ib e rn e tik a t a d q i q q i l m o q d a . S h u b ois ta f a k k u r p sixologiya si p r e d m e tin i a n i q l a s h j u d a m u h i m m a s a la la rd a n biri b o ‘lib q o l m o q d a . U m u m i y psixologiya d a r slik la r id a t a fa k k u rg a berilgan t a ’rif tu rlic h a b o l i b , b u n d a u n i n g i k k ita yoki u c h t a m u h i m xu su siy ati t a ’k i d l a b o ‘tiladi. J u m l a d a n , P . I . I v a n o v n i n g dars!igida „ t a f a k k u r inson n in g s h u n d a y a q liy faoliyatidirki, bu faoliyat v o q elik n i eng aniq, t o ‘g ‘ri, t o ‘liq, c h u q u r va u m u m iy la s h t ir i b aks ettirishga ( b ilis h g a ), in s o n n in g ta g ‘in h a m o q il o n a a m a l i y faoliyat bilan s h u g ‘u llan ish ig a i m k o n b e r a d ik\ d e b t a 'rifla n a d i. U s h b u t a 'r i f d a ta fa k k u rn in g t o 'l a , a n iq va u m u m la s h ti r i l g a n h o ld a a k s e ttiris h i t a ’k id lan ad i, a m m o u n i n g x a r a k te rli x u s u s i y a t l a r i d a n b a v o s ita , s o ‘z y o rd a m i b ila n ifodalanishi m u a l l if n in g d i q q a t m a rk a z id a n c h e td a qolgan. M . V . G a m e z o o kz fikrini „ t a f a k k u r v o q e lik n in g u m u m - lashgan h o l d a va s o ‘z h a m d a o ‘t m is h ta jrib a vositalarida aks ettiri!is h i" d ir d e y a bayon qiladi. B i z n i n g c h a , tafa k k u rg a berilgan u s h b u t a ’r if unin g p r e d m e t i n i t o kla o c h ib b erish u c h u n yetarli e m a s . S hu bois b o s h q a m a n b a l a r g a m u ro ja a t qilishga t o kg kri keladi. A . V .P e tro v s k iy tahriri o s t i d a c h o p e tilg a n d a r s lik d a t a f a k k u r g a u s h b u s h a k ld a t a ’r i f b e r i l a d i : „ T a f a k k u r — ijtim o iy -sab a b iy , n u tq bilan c h a m b a r c h a s b o g kliq m u h i m b ir yangilik q id irish va o c h i s h d a n i b o r a t psixik ja ra y o n d i r , b o s h q a c h a qiiib aytganda, ta fa k k u r v o q e lik n i analiz va sintez q i l i s h d a u n i b e v o s i t a v a u m u m l a s h t i r i b a k s e t t i r i s h www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi ja r a y o n i d i r “ . B u t a ’r if tafa kkur x ususiyatlarini y u q o rid a - g ila rd a n k o ‘r a b i r m u n c h a k e n g r o q o c h i b b e rish u c h u n xizmat qila o l a d i , b iro q bu t a ’rifni h a m u n c h a li k m u k a m m a l, deb b o i m a y d i . V .V .B o g o slo v sk iy tahriri o s tid a c h i q q a n d a rslikda h a m tafakkurga b e r il g a n t a ’rifda u ning u m u m l a s h g a n va bilvosita aks ettirish x u s u s iy a tla ri yoritilgan, xolos. X u d d i s hunga o ‘xshash t a ’rifla r F .N . G o n o b o l i n , K . K . P la t o n o v darslik- larida h a m u c h r a y d i . B iz n in g c h a , O .K .T ix o m iro v n in g darsligida tafakkurning p r e d m e t i h a q i d a t o l a r o q t a ’rif berilgan. D a rs lik d a tafa k k u r p re dm e tiga k iru v c h i tarkibiy qismlar q u yidagicha ifodalanadi: „ T a f a k k u r — b u o ‘z m a h s u lo ti b il a n v o q e l i k n i u m u m - lashtirib, b a v o s i t a aks ettirishni x a r a k te rla y d ig a n , u m u m - lashtirish darajasi v a foydalanadigan vositalariga h a m d a o ‘sha u m u m l a s h m a l a r y a n g i l i g ig a bogM iq r a v i s h d a t u r l a r g a a j r a t is h d a n i b o r a t j a r a y o n , bilish f a o l i y a t i d i r “ . O . K .T i - x o m iro v m a z k u r t a ’rifda ta fa k k u rn in g ak sa riy at jih atla ri v a x u s u s iy a tl a r i n i yaxshi o c h ib b e r g a n , a m m o ta fa k k u r m u a m m o s i g a y a n g i c h a y o n d a s h is h l a m i n g p a y d o b o l i s h i ta 'rifn i y a n a d a m u k a m m a lla s h tir is h n i t a q o z o q ilm oqda . P s ix o lo g i y a d a hozirgi dav rd a t a f a k k u r n i n g p re d m e ti t o ‘g ‘risida y a n a y a n g i qarash va t a ’riflar yuzaga kelm oqda. U l a r n i n g a y r i m l a r i h a q i d a g ap irib o ‘ta m i z . S .L . R u b i n - shtey n n in g n az ariy asig a k o ‘ra, tafakkurni psixologik jih a td a n o ‘rg a n is h n in g a s o s iy p r e d m e t i — j a r a y o n faoliyat sifatida n a m o y o n b o ‘l i s h d i r . M u a l l i f t a f a k k u r o p e r a t s i y a l a r i , shakllarini ta rk ib to p tirish d a — jara y o n m u a m m o li vaziyatni, faoliyat fikr y u ritis h n i hal qilish sifatida vujudga kelishini c h u q u r t a h l i l q i l i b b e r g a n . S . L . R u b i n s h t e y n t a f a k k u r t o ‘g ‘risidagi g ‘o y a n i rivojlantirib, u n i subyekt faolligining paydo b o l i s h i d i r , d e b aytadi. A . N . L e o n t y e v ta fa k k u r psixologiyasi p r e d m e t i h aq id a m u l o h a z a y u r i t ib , tafa k k u rn i turli k o ‘rinishlarga ajratadi va fik r y u r i t i s h f a o l i y a t i e k a n li g i n i t a n o l a d i , le k in u n i p r e d m e t l i - a m a l i y faoliyat ham deb n o m la y d i. S h u n in g d e k , 262 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi t a f a k k u r s t r u k t u r a s i h a m d a f i k r y u r i t i s h m o t i v a t s i y a s i t o ' g ‘- r i s i d a n a z a r i y - m e t o d o l o g i k m u a m m o l a r n i o ‘r t a g a t a s h l a y d i . P . Y . G a l p e r i n n i n g f i k r i g a k o ‘ r a , t a f a k k u r b u o r i y e n - t i r o v k a — j a r a y o n , o r i y e n t i r o v k a f a o l i y a t i d i r , d c y d i . M u a l l i f p s i x o l o g i y a f a n i b u i n t e l l e k t u a l m a s a l a l a r n i y e c h i s h d a s u b y e k t n i n g t a f a k k u r g a o r i y e n t i r o v k a q i l i s h j a r a y o n i n i o ' r g a n i s h d i r , d e b t u s h u n t i r a d i . P . Y . G a l p e r i n t a f a k k u r n i n g b o s h q a j i h a t l a r i n i o ' z i n i n g a q l i y h a r a k a t l a r i n i b o s q i c h l i s h a k l l a n t i r i s h n a z a r i y a s i d a n k e l i b c h i q q a n h o l d a y o r i t i s h g a i n t i l a d i . A . V . B r u s h l i n s k i y t a d q i q o t l a r i d a t a f a k k u r — b u m u h i m y a n g i l i k n i q i d i r i s h v a o c h i s h , g i p o t e z a v a n a z a r i y a l a r n i b a s h o r a t q i l i s h , o l d i n d a n p a y q a s h d i r d e y d i . T a ’k i d l a s h j o i z k i , y u q o r i d a g i m u a l l i f l a r d a n f a r q l i o ‘l a r o q , A . V . B r u s h l i n s k i y t a f a k k u r n i n g u m u m l a s h t i r i b , b i l v o s i t a a k s e t t i r i s h ; d a n t a s h q a r i , m u h i m y a n g i l i k n i i z l a s h v a o c h i s h , o l d i n d a n b a s h o r a t q i l i s h x u s u s i y a t l a r i m a v j u d l i g i n i d a l i l l a b k o ' r s a t a d i . „ T a f a k k u r p s i x o l o g i y a s i “ n i n g p r e d m e t i h a q i d a s o b i q I t t i f o q p s i x o l o g l a r i b i l d i r i l g a n f i k r l a r g a y a k u n y a s a b , u m u m i y t a ' r i f b e r i s h n i n g m a v r i d i k e l d i . P s i x o l o g i y a d a t a f a k k u r g a b e r i l g a n q a t o r t u s h u n c h a l a r m a v j u d . J u m l a d a n , j a r a y o n , f i k r y u r i t i s h f a o l i y a t i , b a s h o r a t q i l i s h , a n g l a s h i l g a n b i l i m - l a r , a q l m e z o n i , f a h m l i l i k v a b o s h q a l a r . S h u l a r g a s u y a n g a n h o i d a , t a f a k k u r g a q u y i d a g i s h a r t l i t a ’ r i f n i b e r i s h m u m k i n : t a f a k k u r b u a t r o f - m u h i t d a g i v o q e l i k n i n u t q y o r d a m i b i l a n b a v o s i t a , u m u m l a s h g a n h o l d a a k s e t t i r u v c h i p s i x i k j a r a y o n h a m d a i j t i m o i y s a b a b i y b o g ‘l a n i s h l a r n i a n g l a n g a n , y a n g i l i k o c h i s h g a v a b a s h o r a t q i l i s h g a y o ‘n a l t i r i l g a n a q l i y f a o l i y a t d i r . D e m a k , t a f a k k u r p r e d m e t i n i b e l g i l a s h / n a s h a q q a t i u n i n g m u r a k k a b b i l i s h j a r a y o n i e k a n l i g i n i y a n a b i r k a r r a t a s d i q l a b t u r i b d i . Q u y i d a t a f a k k u r s t r u k t u r a s i n i i l o v a q i l a m i z . Tafakkur o p e ra tsiy a la ri Analiz va sintez operatsiyasi. A n a liz — s h u n d a y b i r t a f a k k u r o p e r a t s i y a s i d i r k i , u n i n g y o r d a m i b i l a n b i z n a r s a v a h o d i s a l a r n i f i k r a n y o k i u l a r n i n g x u s u s i y a t l a r i n i a m a l i y 263 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi ta h lil q i l a m i z . A l l o m a l a r n i n g a y t i s h i c h a , m a y m u n n i n g y o n g ‘o q n i c h a q i s h i n i n g o ‘z i y o q b o s h l a n g ‘ic h o d d i y analizdir. 0 ‘q u v c h i y o s h la r t u r m u s h d a v a d a r s ja ra y o n id a an a liz y o r d a m i b i l a n k o ‘pgina ishlarni a m a l g a oshiradilar, topshiriqlar, m iso l v a masalalarni yec hadilar. D e m a k , tabiat va j a m i y a t d a g i b i lim va tajribalarni i n s o n n in g o ‘zlashtirib olishi a n a l i z d a n b o s h l a n a r e k a n V D a r s d a b iz k im y o v iy b irik m a la m i ( H 2 S 0 4 — v o dorod, kislorod va oltingugurtga) parchalaym iz. G a p l a m i g ram m atik tahlil qilish asosida ularni gap b o l a k l a r i g a , m o r f e m a va fo n e m a la rg a ajratiladi. A garda i n s o n n in g o ld ig a a v t o m a s h i n a m o t o r i n i n g tuzilishini bilish vazifa qilib q o ‘yilsa, u h o ld a bu to p s h iriq n i hal qilish u c h u n u m o t o r n i a y r i m q i s m la rg a ajratib, h a r b i r q is m n i, o ‘z nav h a tid a , a l o h i d a o lib tekshirishi lo zim b o ‘ladi. V M a ’r u z a v a d a r s ja r a y o n la r id a ta fa k k u rn in g analiz qilish operatsiyasi j u d a m u h i m o ‘rin tutadi. In so n g a savod o ‘rgatis!i bolan in g n u tq in i a n a liz qilishdan b o sh lan ad i. S o ‘ng bu holat m a t n n i g a p l a r g a , g a p l a r n i so‘zlarga, s o ‘z!arni, o ‘z nav- b atid a, b o ‘g ‘in la rg a , fonem alarga, u la r n i e sa tovushlarga ajratish singari a q liy faoliyatga o ‘tiladi. A rifm e tik a , algebra, g e o m e t r i y a , t r i g o n o m e t r i y a , fiz ik a y o i n k i CV zbekiston tarixi, falsafa, iq t is o d , psixologiya va b o s h q a fan asoslarini o ‘rganish m u a m m o l i topshiriq va m a sa la la rn i yechish h a m an a liz q i l is h d a n b o s h l a n a d i . \ y Y u q o r i d a a y t i b o ‘tilg a n m o t o r y o k i b o s h q a l a r n i n g t u tg a n o ‘rn i n i c h u q u r t u s h u n ish d a y o l g ‘iz a n a liz n in g o ‘zi kifoya q ilm a y d i. C h u n k i tarkibiy q is m la rn i b irlashtirgan va b i r - b i r i g a t a ’s i r k o ‘rs a ti b tu r g a n m o t o r v a m a s h i n a n i b u t u n l i g i c h a o l i b t e k s h i r g a n d a g i n a , u n i n g m o t o r yoki m a s h i n a e k a n lig in i a n g la sh m u m k in . ^ Sintez — s h u n d a y b i r ta fa k k u r o p e r a t s iy a s i d ir k i, biz narsa va h o d i s a l a r n i n g ana liz da b o l i n g a n , ajratilgan ayrim q ism la rin i, b o ‘Iak!arini sintez y o r d a m i b i l a n fikran yoki a m a liy ra v ish d a b irla sh tirib , butu n holiga keltiram iz. S intez e le m e ntlam ing, n a rsa va hodisalarning qismlari va bo'Iaklarini bir b u t u n h o l g a k e ltirish d a n iborat aqliy faoliyat ekanligi 264 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi t a ’rifdan h a m k o ‘rinib turibdi. A n a l i z a m a l i y b o l g a n i kabi, sin te z h a m a m a l i y x arak ter kasb e ta d ik l V l a s a la n , m o t o r yoki d v ig a te ln in g qism larini, d e ta l l a r in i y i g 4ishtirib, o ‘rn i- o ‘rniga jo y la sh tirilg a n d a , y a ’ni s i n t e z q i l in g a n d a m o to r yoki dvigatel hosil b o i a d i . A v t o m a s h i n a n i n g k u zo v in i, k a b i n a - sini, m o t o r v a h o k a z o qismlari s i n t e z q ilin g a n d a g in a b i r b u t u n a v t o m a s h i n a n i b u n y o d e t i s h m u m k i n . T u rli psi- xologik m a v z u l a r n i o ‘rganish o rq a li p six o lo g iy a fani t o ‘g ‘- risida yaxlit t u s h u n c h a paydo b o 'l a d i . K im y o v iy e l e m e n tn i reaksiyaga kiritish y o ‘li bilangina istalgan b irik m a hosil qilish i m k o n i y a t i t u g ‘iladi. R a s s o m l a r k o ‘z , q o s h , b u r u n va kishining b o s h q a organlarini m u ta n o s ib ravishda chiziq orqali bir b u t u n i n s o n shaklini yasash, y a r a t i s h im k o n iy a tig a e g a boMadilar v a h o k az o . B i r i n c h i s i n f b o las i o bz h a r f x a l t a s i d a g i k e s i l g a n h arflard a n fo y d a la n ib b o ‘g ‘in, b o ‘g ‘i n l a r d a n s o ‘z, s o ‘z la r- d a n gap, u n d a n esa hikoya tuzadi. 0 ‘q u v c h i l a r 0 ‘zbekiston tarixi fa n id a n x alq im iz , d a v la tc h ilig im iz , m a d a n iy a tim iz , san'atim iz h a m d a bugungi kunim iz t o lg ‘risida m a ’lum ot oladi. I s h - h a r a k a t l a r n i yaxlitlash tu fa y li b i r b u t u n m o d d i y n arsa hosil b o ‘ladi. D e m a k , i s h - h a r a k a t l a r d a h a m s in te z o p eratsiy a sin i q o ‘llasa b o l a r e k a n . T a r ix i y q a h r a m o n la r , b u y u k sa r k a rd a la r, a rbobla r t o lg lris id a h a m x u d d i s h u n d a y fikr va m u l o h a z a la r yuritish m u m k i n . X a l q o r a s i d a A f a n d i , A l d a r K o ‘s a , R u s t a m b e k , A lp o m is h , I s k a n d a r Z u l q a r n a y n , s u v parisi, a jd a r h o la r, jin la r, alvastilar, devlar, sc m u rg k, o l t in b a liq va b o sh q a la rn i, a y rim h a y v o n a ’zolari va in so n t u z it is h i n i , his v a h a y a jo n - larini, x a r a k t e r v a ir o d a n ib ir l a s h t ir i b g i n a , y a g o n a afsonaviy o b ra z la r y a r a tis h g a m uvaffaq b o 'l i n g a n . A n a liz va s in te z bevosita o ‘z a r o m u s t a h k a m b o g l a n g a n y ag o n a j a r a y o n n i n g ikki t o m o n id i r . A g a r n a r s a va h o d is a la r an a liz q i l in m a g a n b o ‘lsa, u n i s i n te z q ilib b o 'l m a y d i , h a r q a n d a y a n a li z p r e d m e t la r n i , n a r s a l a r n i b i r b u t u n h o l d a bilish asosida a m a l g a o s h i r il a d i .V ' y ^ A n a l i z v a s i n t e z q ilishga o ' q u v c h i l a r n i o ‘r g a ti s h d a www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi fik rla rn i m u a y y a n o b y e k tla r g a y o ‘n a l t i r i s h a so siy o ‘rin tutadi. B lin d a u l a r , albatta, q a n d a y v a q a u y o ‘s inda ish bajarishlari k e r a k lig in i bilib olishlari zarurY M a sa la n , o n a tili darslarida o ‘s m irla rn i analiz va sintez faoliyatiga o'rgatish u c h u n istalgan j u m l a n i , c h u n o n c h i ,,It b o 'y n in i b u rm a s d a n g ‘alatiroq b u k ild i, o c h ko'zlari bilan m e n g a b i r q a r a s h qildi- da, d u m in i qisib o ‘zini o ‘rm onga u r d i “ gapini m ustaqil holda tahlil etish vazifasini q o ‘yisli (agar sin a lu v c h ila r b u vazifani bajarish g a q i y n a l s a l a r , e k s p e r i m e n t a t o r n i n g o ‘zi y o rd a m berishi) m u m k i n . U l a r b u n d a p r e d m e t n i n g n o m in i ang- latadigan s o ‘z!arn i a lo h id a ko‘ch irib yozishlari va s o ‘zlar q a n d a y s o ‘ro q q a ja v o b b o l is h in i an iqlashlari, ot v a s o ‘z tu r- kum lariga t a ’r i f berishlari lozim. S h u n d a n s o kng s o ‘z tu rk u - m iga xos b e l g i l a r n i ( p r e d m e t n i b il d ir ib k im ? va n im a ? so 'ro q la rig a j a v o b b o ‘lishini) alohida ifodalashlari kerak. M a z k u r v a z i f a n i o kq u v c h il a r d a n biri q a n d a y b a ja r- ganligini k o ‘z d a n kechiraylik: „ga p d a p r e d m e t n i bildirgan s o 'z l a r m a v j u d . M a s a la n , it, b o ‘y n i n i , k o 'z la ri, d u m in i. Bular n im a ? s o ‘r o g ‘iga javob b o l a d i . A n a s h u s o ‘roqlarga javob b o ‘lgan v a p re d m e tla rn in g n o m i n i bildirgan s o ‘zlar ot d e b ataladi. O t n i n g m u h i m va b o s h q a s o 'z la r d a n ajratib turuvchi belgisi — b u p re d m e tn i bildirishi va u n g a tegishli savoilardir. P r e d m e t n i anglatuvchi s o ‘z la r turli xil q o ‘sh im - c h a la r bilan kelishi m u m k in . Sinaluvchi o 'q u v c h ilarn in g a n a shu m u l o h a z a la r i asosida shuni aytish m u m k in k i, analiz va sintez o p eratsiy a si quyidagicha aqliy faoliyat tizim idan, tarkibiy q i s m la r i d a n iborat ekan: a) berilg a n to p s h iriq n i diqqat bilan o ‘qish; b) m a t n d a g i s o ‘zlarni fikran b o ‘laklarga b o l i s h ; d ) o ‘x sh a s h s o ‘zlarni ajratish, y a ’ni m a y d a b o ‘laklarga b o ‘lish; e) o ‘x s h a s h s o ‘zlarni yaxlit holga keltirish; f) m a t n d a g i s o kzlarni fikran yig‘ish; g) g a p n in g strukturasini tiklash va boshqalar. 0 ‘q u v c h i m u s t a q i l bilim olish fa o liy a tla rid a , j u m l a - d a n , k o n s p e k t t u z i s h , référât tayyorla sh, se m in a rg a hozirlik 266 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi k o ‘rish, k u rs ishi va d ip lo m yozish k ab i a qliy faoliyatning turli sh a k lla rid a a w a l analiz, s o lng s i n t e z o p c r a tsiy a la rid a n f o y d a la n ad ilar. T a q q o s l a s h . i n s o n n in g ijtim o iy fa o liy a tid a , b ilim lar- n in g o 'z la s h tir i s h i d a , voqelikni t o ‘l a r o q aks c ttirish d a bir- biriga o lx sh ash j i h a t l a m i n g farqini, s h u n i n g d e k , b ir-b irid a n a jra lib t u r a d i g a n , a m m o u l a r o ‘r t a s i d a g i o ‘x s h a s h l i k n i to p is h d a n ib o ra t fikr yuritish o p e r a ts iy a s i k a tta a h a m iy a tg a e g a .^ T a q q o sla sh — s h u n d a y b ir t a f a k k u r operatsiyasidirki, bu o p e r a t s i y a v o s i t a s i d a o b y e k t i v d u n y o d a g i n a r s a va h o d i s a l a m i n g b ir-b irig a o ‘xshashligi v a b ir - b ir i d a n farqi a n iq lan a d i. X IX — X X as r la rd a y ash a b o ' t g a n a l l o m a l a r d a n biri t a q q o s la s h n i n g psixologik m e x a n i z m i t o ‘g ‘risida j u d a ilg‘o r fik rla r n i ilgari s u r i b , q u y i d a g i l a r n i b il d ir a d i : „ A g a r siz t a b i a t n i n g b i r o r n a r s a s i n i r a v s h a n t u s h u n i b o l i s h n i istasangiz, u n i n g o ‘ziga j u d a o 'x s h a s h b o ‘lgan n a r s a la rd a n tafo v u tin i t o p i n g i z va u n in g o ' z i d a n j u d a u z o q b o ‘lgan n a r s a la r b ila n o ‘xshashIigini t o p in g iz . A n a s h u n d a siz sh u n a r s a n in g e n g n u i h i m , h a m m a b e lg ila rin i p ay q a b olasiz, d e m a k , s h u n a r s a n i tu s h u n ib o l a s i z “ . K u z a t i s h l a r s h u n i k o ‘r s a t a d i k i , i n s o n , k o ‘p i n c h a , j a m i y a t n i n g form a tsiya la rini o ‘r g a n is h d a , u l a rn in g a w a l g i m o h iy a ti va keyingisini o ‘rganish o r q a li y a n a d a c h u q u r r o q va p u x t a r o q ega lla b oladi. M a z k u r j a r a y o n t o ‘g‘risida fikr y u r i t i lg a n d a , so‘z n in g negizini o 'z la sh tirish d a o 'z a k n in g m u h i m belgilarini toMaroq t u s h u n i b o l i s h k a b i a q liy h a r a k a t l a r n i k e l t i r i b o ‘t i s h m aq sa d g a m uvofiqdir. Bilish o b yekti hisoblangan n a rsa v a h o d i s a l a r o lrtasidagi o ‘x s h a s h l i k n i y o k i fa rq n i, t e n g l i k y o k i t e n g s i z l i k l a r n i , ayniyat yoki ziddiyatlarni a n i q l a s h d a n ib o ra t boMgan fikr yuritish o p eratsiy a s i bilishning d a s t la b k i va z a n i r vositasi b o 'li b h i so b la n a d i. A jd o d larim iz t a q q o s l a s h n i n g t a ’lim dagi o ‘rni t o ‘g ‘risid a s h u n d a y fikrlarni b ild ir d ila r: ta q q o s la s h h a r q a n d a y t u s h u n i s h n i n g v a h a r q a n d a y t a f a k k u r n i n g 267 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi a s o s id ir. O l a m d a g i n a r s a l a r n i n g h a m m a s i n i t a q q o s l a b k o ‘rish y o 'l i b i l a n bila o lm asak , b o s h q a y o ‘l bilan bila o lm a y m iz . A g a r b i z h e c h narsa bilan s o lishtirishim iz va farqini bilib o l i s h im i z m u m k in b o ‘lm a g a n b i r o n - b i r narsaga d u c h k e l g a n i m i z d a ed i, u holda b iz s h u n arsa t o ‘g fcrisida h e c h q a n d a y fik r hosil qila o lm a g a n b o ‘lar edik. Y u q o r i d a g i l a r d a n k o ‘rinib t u r i b d i k i , t a q q o s l a b fikr y u ritish o p e r a t s iy a s i sezgilarim iz va i d r o k la r i m i z d a hati g a v d a la n m a g a n o ‘xshashlik va ta fo v u tn i to p ish zaruriyati vujudga k elgan p a y td a n a m o y o n b o ‘ladi. Psixologiyada y a n a s h u n a r s a m a ’I u m k i , sezgi v a i d r o k i m i z d a d a s t a v v a l n a r s a l a r n i n g v a h o d is a l a r n i n g 0 ‘x s h a s h va fa rq la n u v c h i t o m o n i k o ‘zg a y a q q o l tashlanadi. T a q q o sla sh operatsiyasi ikki xil y o ‘l b ilan a m alg a oshishi m u m k in : a m a l i y ( k o n k r e t narsalarni b ev o sita solishtirish) va n a z a riy ( t a s a w u r q ilina yotga n o b r a z l a r va narsalarni o n g d a flk ra n t a q q o s l a s h ) . Agar in s o n ikkita q o ‘lida yuk k o ‘tarib tu r i b b i r n e c h a xil t a o m m a z a sin i qiyoslasa, ikki p ay k a l p a x t a z o r h o s il d o r lig i n i t a q q o s l a s a — b u a m a l i y t a q q o s l a s h b o ‘l a d i . S h u n i n g d e k , o ' q u v c h i l a r q a l a m n i steijenga, c h i z g l c h n i y o g 'o c h g a y o k i q o g ‘o zga solishtirsalar, u a n a lo g ik h o l a t d a g i m isol bo'ladi. B u n d a n tash q a ri, m e tr b i l a n m a s o f a n i ( g a z l a m a n i ) , t a r o z i b i l a n o g ‘i r l i k n i , t e r m o m e t r b i l a n h a r o r a t n i , te le s k o p b ila n o s m o n j i s m - larini 0 ‘lc h a s h p a y t i d a hani ta q q o s la s h j a r a y o n i vujudga keladi. Inson tevarak-atrofdagi barcha narsa va hodisalarni bevo sita aks ettirish, q o ‘l bilan paypaslash im k o niya tiga ega emas. S h u bois, t o 'p l a n a d i g a n bilim larning aksariyati q o i bilan u s h l a s h , k o ‘z b i l a n k u z a tis h e v a z i g a e m a s , b a lk i fik r yuritish o r q a li , m a n t i q y o rd a m id a h a m anglashiladi. U la r o ‘rtasidagi o ‘x sh a sh !ik va farqlar n az ariy ta q q o s la sh asosida ajratiladi. D e m a k , in s o n olayotgan k e n g k o 'la m d a g i ax b o - rotlarning fa rq in i fikran taqqoslash y o r d a m i d a anglab yetadi. J u m l a d a n , o ' q u v c h i l a r dilda o ‘y la y o tg a n narsalarin i fikran so lish tirib k o kr a d il a r . B a ’zan turli y o s h d a g i kish ila r o ‘z 268 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi t e n g d o s h l a r i x a r a k t e r i d a , q i z i q i s h id a , y u r i s h - t u r i s h i d a , m u o m a la s id a va boshqa xususiyatlarida o ‘xshashlik va tafo v u t borligini to p a d ila r. K ish ilar n arsa va h o d isa la rn i b i r o n belgiga a s o s la n ib ta q q o s la s h d a qiyinchiliklarga u c h r a y d i l a r . S h u n in g u c h u n b e r i l a y o t g a n in f o r m a t s i y a l a r m o h i y a t i g a d i q q a t - e ’t i b o r qilish s h a r t. K ishilar u c h u n ta q q o s l a s h prinsipi t u s h u n a r l i va a n iq b o ‘lsa, m avjud q iy in c h ilik la r n i b a r ta r a f qilish o s o n b o kladi. I n s o n oldiga aniq m a q s a d q o lyilsa, yoinki o ‘rg a - n ilayotgan oby ek t m ohiyatiga kirib b o ris h u c h u n y o ‘l - y o ‘riq b e r i l s a , f i k r a n t a q q o s l a s h d a x a t o l a r m i q d o r i k e s k i n k a m a y a d i. S h a x s i y k u z a t i s h l a r i m i z g a q a r a g a n d a , t a q q o s l a s h o p c ra ts iy a s id a k a tta yoshdagi kishi va o ‘q u v c h ila rd a u c h - raydigan a so siy kam chilik, b u j a r a y o n n i n o t o ‘g lri t a s a w u r qilish yoki x a to tushunishdir. T a q q o s l a s h d e g a n d a, ikki v a u n d a n ortiq n a r s a la rn i y o n m a - y o n q o 'y i s h n i fa ra z q i l i s h l i k d i r . I n s o n s h a x s i y fa o liy a tid a, t a 'l i m ja ra y o n id a t a q q o s l a s h ustida q a n c h a l i k k o ‘p m a s h q qilsa va un d a t a q q o s l a s h k o ‘nikm asi q a n c h a l i k m u k a m m a l p a y d o b o klsa, u n d a f ik r y u ritish s h u n c h a l i k sam arali b o l a d i . Abstraksiya. Bu narsa v a h o d i s a l a r n i n g , q o n u n v a q o n u n i y a t l a r n i n g a y r i m b c l g i s i , s i f a t i , a l o m a t i y o k i x u s u s i y a t la r i n i fikran u l a r d a n a y i r i b o lib , m u sta q il f ik r ob y e k tig a a y la n tiris h d a n ib o rat f ik r y u ritish o peratsiya sidir. M asalan, bilish jarayonida tabiat, j a m i y a t va ayrim insonlarga x o s b o l l g a n „ g o bza Ilik “ b e l g i s i n i a y i r i b o lib , u l a r n i n g g o lzalligi t o ‘g lrisida em as, balki u m u m a n g o lzallik, y a ' n i e s t e t i k k a t e g o r i y a m a z m u n i d a g i t u s h u n c h a y u z a s i d a n m u lo h a z a yuritiladi. A b stra k s iy a la s h s h u n d a y fi k r , t a f a k k u r o p e r a t s iy a s i - dirki, b u o p e ra tsiy a y o r d a m i d a a w a l m o d d iy d u n y o d a g i narsa va h o disalarning m u h im xususiyatlarini farqlab o l a m i z , s o ' n g r a u l a r d a g i m u h i m b o ' l m a g a n , i k k in c h i d a r a j a l i xu su siy atlarn i fikran ajratib o l a m i z . www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi A b s t r a k s i y a j a r a y o n i d a o b y e k t d a n a j r a t i b o l i n g a n belgining o kzi t a f a k k u r n i n g mustaqil o b y ek ti b o l i b qoladi. A bstraksiya o p e r a t s iy a s i analiz n atijasida vujudga keladi. M asa la n , s i n f d e v o r i n i an a liz qilish j a r a y o n i d a u n in g faqat b ir belgisini, y a ’ni o q lig in i ajratib olish m u m k i n v a oq d e v o r t o ‘g ‘risida e m a s , balki d e v o r n in g oqligi t o ‘g ‘risida, keyin esa u m u m a n o q lik haqida fikr y u ritish m u m k in . K ishilar q u y o s h , o y , yulduz, elektr, olo v , b a ’zi p la n e ta - lar, ay rim to s h v a h o k a z o la r n i n g yoritishini k o ‘z o ‘nglarida k u za ta turib, u l a r n i n g b itta u m u m iy belgisini, y a ’ni y o ri t is h in i fi k r a n a j r a t i b o lib , u m u m a n y o r i t i s h t o ‘g ‘risida m u l o h a z a y u r i t i s h l a r i a y n i h a q i q a t d i r . T u r l i g e o m e t r i k shakllarni — u c h b u r c h a k , t o 'rtb u rc h a k , kesik k o n u s, kesik p ira m id a , P a r a l l e l o g r a m m , ko‘p b u rc h a k , p a ra lle le p ip e d va h o k a z o l a r n i k u z a t a t u r i b , ular u c h u n u m u m i y b o ‘lgan belgini, y a 'n i b u r c h a k n i fikran ajratishlari, s o 'n g r a u m u m a n „ b u r c h a k “ t u s h u n c h a s i t o ‘g ‘risida fik r yuritish la ri lozim boMadi. F a n va t e x n ik a rivoji avj oigan hozirgi d a v r d a kishilarga uza tilay o tg an a x b o r o t l a r n i n g m a ’lu m q ism i ab stra k t holda in s o n m a ’na v iy m u l k i g a a y la n m o q d a . I n s o n d a m a z k u r b ilim larni hissiy b ilish ap p a ra ti y o rd a m i b ila n o'z la sh tirish im k o n iy a ti y o ‘q, s h u n i n g u c h u n ularni a b stra k t y o ‘l bilan 0 ‘zlashtirib olish t a l a b qilinadi. Lekin ab stra k siy a holatidagi ax b o ro tn i i n s o n l a r q iy in c h ilik bilan o ‘z lashtira dilar. Yaqqol k o 'r g a z m a lilik k a a s o s l a n m a g a n b ilim lar q iy in c h ilik bilan q a b u l q i l i n a d i . S h u n g a q a r a m a y , a b s t r a k t h o la t i d a g i bilim lar koMami k u n d a n k u n ortib b o r m o q d a . C h u n k i yangi kashfiyotlar, i x t ir o la r z a m ir id a n kelib c h i q u v c h i q o n u - n i y a t l a r , i c h ki m u r a k k a b b o g M a n i s h l a r n i n g b a r c h a s i abstrakt a tam a sid a o ‘z ifodasini to p m o q d a. S h u bois kishilarni m a z k u r j a r a y o n g a ta y y o rla sh , o 'n g 'a y s i z s h a r t- s h a r o i t g a m oslasha olishga k o ‘n i k i s h g a o ‘rgatish lozim . T a ’lim t i z i m i d a g i b ilim la r n in g a k s a riy a ti b ilis h n in g o q ilo n a y o ‘li b i l a n egallashga q a ra tilg a n b o l i b , abstrak- siyadan keng k o l a m d a foydalanishni t a q o z o etadi. S h u n in g 270 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi u c h u n o ‘q u v c h i l a r n i abstraksiyani a m a l g a oshirish y o l v a usullari b i l a n u zluksiz tan ish tirib b o r i s h kerak. Y u q o r i d a a y t i l g a n l a r d a n t a s h q a r i , o ‘q u v c h i l a r d a ab stra k siy a lash ja r a y o n i y o r d a m id a q i y m a t , so n , kenglik, t e n g lik , u z u n l i k , k attalik , q a t t i q l i k , z i c h l i k , b a l a n d l i k , g e o m e t r i k s h a k l , t a n q id iy r e a l i z m , b o s i m , s o l i s h t i r m a o g ki rlik , g e o g r a f i k t u s h u n c h a l a r t i z i m i k a b i a b s t r a k t t u s h u n c h a l a r n i vujudga keltirish z a r u r . In s o n n i abstraksiya o p eratsiya si b ila n q u ro lla n tirish — u n i n g i n t e l l e k t u a l j i h a t d a n i n t e n s i v riv o jla n is h ig a o l i b k e l i n a d i , s h u n i n g d e k , m u s t a q i l b i l i m o l i s h f a o l i y a t i tak o m illa sh tirilad i. U m u m lash tirish . P s i x o l o g i y a d a u m u m l a s h t i r i s h m u a m m o s i g a d o i r y a g o n a y o ' n a l i s h d a g i n a z a r i y a y o ‘q. S h u n i n g u c h u n psixologlar b u j a r a y o n n i tu r l i c h a t a l q i n qilad ila r, g o h o u n i g u ru h larg a b o ‘lib o ‘rg a nadilar. S h u n i n g d e k , m a k t a b t a ’lim ini q a y s i u m u m l a s h t i r i s h u s u li asosida a m a l g a oshirish t o ‘g ‘risid a h a m o l im l a r t u r l i c h a fikrdadirlar. B a ’zi psixologlar t a ’l i m d a „ u m u m l a s h t i r i s h “ usulini n a z a r i y j i h a t d a n q o i l a b - q u w a t l a s a l a r ( S . L . R u b i n - s h t e y n , V . V . D a v i d o v va b o s h q a l a r ) , a y r i m l a r i u m u m - lash tirish n i h a m nazariy, h a m a m a l i y usulini q o ‘lla s h n i tavsiya e t m o q d a l a r ( N . A . M e n c h i n s k a y a , D . N . B o g o y a v - l e n s k i y ) . A m m o o ‘q u v f a o l i y a t i n i n g t u r l i - t u m a n l i g i , b i z n i n g c h a , d a r s j a r a y o n i d a h a r x il u m u m l a s h t i r i s h u s u lla rid a n fo y d a la n ish kerakligini t a q o z o qiladi. P sixologiyada u m u m la s h tiris h n in g ken g q o ‘llaniladigan ikki turi: t u s h u n c h a l i u m u m l a s h t i r i s h v a h i s s iy - k o n k r e t u m u m la s h tiris h yuzasidan k o ‘p r o q flk r yuritiladi. T u s h u n chali u m u m la s h tiris h d a p r e d m e t la r obyek tiv m u h i m belgi asosida u m u m la sh tirilad i. H is s i y - k o n k r e t u m u m la s h tiris h d a esa p r e d m e t la r topshiriq talabiga k o ‘ra, tashqi belgi b ila n u m u m la sh tirila d i. Psixologlar n o t o kg ‘ri u m u m la s h ti r i s h n in g ( N . A . M e n c h i n s k a y a , E . N . K a b a n o v a — M e l l e r ) h is s iy - k on k re t u m u m la sh tiris h d a n farqi borlig in i h a m is h a ta 'k i d la b k e l m o q d a l a r . 0 ‘q u v c h i b a ’z a n p r e d m e t l a r n i m u h i m www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi b o ‘lm agan belgisiga asoslanib n o to 'g 'r i um u m la sh tira d ila r, vaholanki to p s h iriq shartida bu talab u la r oldiga m utla qo qo'yilm aydi. A m m o b u nazariyaning him o y ach ilari n o to 'g 'ri u m u m la sh tirish n i a l o h i d a tur deb h iso b la m a y d ila r ham . U m u m l a s h t i r i s h d e g a n d a , p s i x o l o g i y a d a n a r s a va h o d isalard a g i x o s s a , belgi, xususiyat, a l o m a t l a r n i to pish va sh u u m u m i y l i k a so sid a ularni b irlashtirish tushuniladi. M a s a la n , t e m i r , p o 'I a t, l a tu n , o l t in va b o s h q a l a r d a m avjud b o 'l g a n o ‘xshashlik va u m u m i y belgilarni yagona t u s h u n c h a o s ti d a t o ‘p lab, uni „ m e t a ll “ d e g a n ibora bilan n o m la s h im iz ; s h u n i n g d e k , qish, b a h o r , y o z v a kuzni „fasl“ deg a n t u s h u n c h a o r q a li ifodalash m u m k i n . In s o n n in g yosh d a v r i x u s u s i y a t i d a g i u m u m i y b e l g i l a r h i s o b g a o l i n i b , „ o ‘s m i r “ , „ o ' s p i r i n “ , „ye tuk kishi“ , „ k e k s a “ singari a ta - m a la r ishlatiladi. U m u m l a s h t i r i s h a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h o p e r a t s i y a s i d a n ajralgan h o l d a s o d i r b o 'l m a y d i , h a r q a n d a y u m u m la s h tiris h a s o sid a a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h ja ra y o n i y o t a d i . A m m o u m u m lashtirish j a r a y o n i abstraksiyasiz m av ju d b o 'lis h i m u m k in . A g a r a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h fa o liy a tid a n a r s a va h o d i s a l a r n i n g o 'x s h a s h h a m d a m u h i m belgilari ta s o d i f belg ilarid an fikran ajratib o linsa, u m u m la s h ti r i s h d a ajratib o lin g a n o 'x s h a s h , u m u m iy va m u h i m belgilarga s u y a n g a n h o ld a n a rs a va h o d is a la r b irla s h tirila d i. B o sh q a fik r y u r itis h operatsiyalari kabi u m u m la s h tiris h h a m s o ‘z, n u t q y o r d a m i d a ro 'y o b g a c h i q a d i . T a ’kidlab o ‘tilganidek, h a r q a n d a y s o 'z o lz o 'r n i g a q a r a b u m u m la s h - tiriladi. J u m l a d a n , „ d a r a x t “ degan s o ‘z q o l l a n i l d i , deb faraz qilaylik, u n d a b iz turli daraxtlarga bevosita a l o q a d o r b o 'l g a n iborani aks e ttirg an b o 'la m iz . Yoinki „ ta la b a “ deg a n a ta m a n i ishlatish b ila n t u rli kurs, har xil fa kultet va b a r c h a oliy o ‘q u v y u r t i d a t a h s i l o l a y o t g a n y o s h l a r n i b i r l a s h t i r i b ifodalagan b o 'l a m i z . U m u m l a s h t i r is h j a ra y o n i s o 'z t a ’sirida vujudga kelgan ikkinchi s i g n a l l a r t i z i m i g a a s o s l a n a d i . A k a d e m ik I.P.P avlov fik rich a , n u t q s i g n a l l a r i tufayli n e rv f a o liy a tin in g yangi 272 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi p r i n s i p i — a b s t r a k s i y a l a s h v a b u b i l a n b i r g a , o l d i n g i t i z i m n i n g b e h i s o b s i g n a l l a r i n i u m u m l a s h t i r i s h v u j u d g a keladi. S h u n d a n s o ‘ng, a n a s h u u m u m la s h ti r i l g a n y a n g i sig n allar t a g ‘in an a liz va s i n t e z q ilinaveradi. F ik r y u ritish n in g u m u m l a s h ti r i s h operatsiyasi h a r xil asoslarga k o ‘ra turlarga b o ‘lib o ‘rganiladi. Umumlashtirish Mazmuniga ko‘ra Elementar Empirik Tushunchali Nazariy Fikrning yo‘nalishiga ko‘ra Umumiydan xususiyga Yakkadan umumiyga va undan xususiyga Umumiydan xususiyga va o ‘sha umumiydan yanada umumiyga Kamroq um um iydan yanada umumiyga Yagona umumiy holatdan yanada umumiyroqqa 18 Psixologiya 273 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi U m u m l a s h t i r i s h n i m a z m u n i g a k o ‘ra t u s h u n c h a l i u m u m l a s h t i r i s h v a y a q q o l - k o ‘rg a z m a li y o k i e l e m e n t a r u m u m la s h tiris h tu rig a ajratish q abul q ilinga n. T u s h u n c h a li u m u m la s h ti r i s h o rq a li obyektiv q o n u n iy a t l a r n i n g m u h i m belgilariga q arab birlashtirish amalga oshiriladi. B u n d a m u h im be lg ila r u m u m l a s h ti r i l i b , obyektiv q o n u n i y a t l a r n i o c h ish m u m k in b o ‘ladi. Y a q q o l k o ‘rgazmali u m u m la s h tiris h d a narsa v a h o d i s a l a r t a s h q i h a m d a y a q q o l b e l g i l a r i b o ‘y i c h a u m u m la s h ti r i l a d i. K o n k re tla s h tir is h . U m u m i y , m a v h u m b e l g i v a xususiyatlarni y a k k a , y o l g ‘iz o byektlarga ta tb iq qilish bilan ifo d a la n a d ig a n fikr y u r it i s h operatsiyasi in s o n n i n g b a r c h a y u m u s h l a r i d a faol is h tir o k etadi. Voqelik q a n c h a l ik ko n k re t (y a q q o l) sh a k ld a ifo d a la n s a , in so n u n i s h u n c h a l i k o so n a n g la b yetadi. 0 ‘z i n i n g g e n e tik kelib c h iq ish ig a q a ra g a n d a , kishilar d a s t a w a l t e v a r a k - a tr o f n i a n iq belgilariga asoslanib, k o n k r e t h o lid a aks e ttirg a n la r , yaqqol o b ra z la rg a suyanib t a s a w u r qilish i m k o n iy a tig a ega boMganlar. S h u bois, hozirgi k u n g a q a d a r k o n k r e tl ik belgisi liar q a n d a y in s o n zoti u c h u n e n g y a q in belgi b o ‘lib hisoblanadi. C h u n k i a n i q voqelik kishini aqliy z o lr b e r is h l ik d a n , irodaviy ta n g lik d a n va stress h o l a t d a n forig‘ q iladi. S h u n in g u c h u n b o l s a kerak, o d a m e n g m u r a k k a b q o n u n h a m d a t u s h u n c h a l a r n i k o n k re tlik d a r a ja s ig a a y l a n t i r i s h g a h a r a k a t q iladi. M a s a l a n , in s o n „ q i y m a t “ t u s h u n c h a s i n i „ o d a m n i n g q a d r - q i m m a t i “ , „ to v a r n i n g q i y m a t i“ s h a k lid a k o n k re tla sh tira d i va h okaz o. Psixologiya f a n id a m a z k u r fikr yuritish operatsiyasiga q u y id a g ic h a t a ’r if b e r ila d i: K onkre tla shtirish h o d isa la rn in g ic h k i b o g ‘lan ish i v a m u n o s a b a t l a r i d a n q a t ’i n a z a r , b ir t o m o n l a m a t a ’k i d l a s h d a n iborat fikr yuritish operatsiyasidir. P s ix o lo g la rn in g t a d q i q o t la r i k o 'r s a t is h i c h a , k o n k r e t lashtirish o d atda ikki xil vazifani bajaradi. Dastlabki vazifasiga taallu q li m iso llar k e ltirib , unin g psixologik m e x a n iz m in i k o 'rsa tish ig a h a r a k a t q ila m iz . M as a la n , o lq u v c h i l a r „ q o r a “ d e g a n so‘zni ishlatgan paytlarida ko‘z o 'n g id a b itu m , ko‘mir, a s fa lt kabi q o r a r a n g d a g i n a rsa va h a y v o n l a r n i g a v d a - 274 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi lantirishlari m u m k in . S h u n in g d e k , u la r „ h a r a k a t “ d e g a n ib o ran i ishlatganlarida, o d a m n i , m a s h in a n i, h a y v o n l a r n i , suv va sam o ly o t kabilarni t a s a w u r qila oladilar. K e y in c h a lik e s a h a r a k a t t u s h u n c h a s in i n g k o ‘lam i k en g a y ib b o r a d i va b i o l o g i k , i j t i m o i y v a h o k a z o h a r a k a t l a r k o ‘z o l d i g a keltiriladigan b o ‘ladi. K o n k re tla s h tirish n in g ik k in c h i vazifasi q u y id a g i m is o l- la rd a o ‘zining y o rq in ifodasini lo padi. M a s a la n , k is h ila r k e t m o n , b e lk u ra k , p a n s h a x a n i Download 32 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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