Of uzbekistan fergana state university

CONCLUSION 
 
Bukhara is one of the most ancient cities of Uzbekistan, situated on a sacred 
hill, the place where sacrifices were made by fire-worshippers in springtime. This 
city was mentioned in a holy book "Avesto". Bukhara city is supposed to be 
founded in the 13th cent. B.C. during the reign of Siyavushids who came to power 
980 years before Alexander the Great. The name of Bukhara originates from the 
word "vihara" which means "monastery" in Sanskrit. The city was once a large 
commercial center on the Great Silk Road. 
Bukhara lies west of Samarkand and was once a center of learning renowned 
throughout the Islamic world. It is the hometown of the great Sheikh Bakhouddin 
Nakshbandi. He was a central figure in the development of the mystical Sufi 
approach to philosophy, religion and Islam. In Bukhara there are more than 350 
mosques and 100 religious colleges. Its fortunes waxed and waned through 
succeeding empires until it became one of the great Central Asian Khanates in the 
17th century. 
Bukhara with more than 140 architectural monuments is a "town museum" 
dating back to the Middle Ages. 2,300 years later, ensembles like Poi-Kalyan, 
Ismail Samani Mausoleum, Ark, Lyabi-Khauz are attracting a lot of attention. The 
city consists of narrow streets, green parks and gardens, historical and architectural 
monuments belong to the different epochs, but locate very close to each other. 
Bukhara is very ancient city that in different times had been the center of 
different Empires and favorite place of many Great Dynasties. That is why 
Bukhara history is so rich and full with important events. It’s written in 
Shahnameh (which is very famous and very old wise poem in Iranian) that the 
founder of Bukhara was the King proudly named Siavash who belonged to 
mythical and legendary Pishdak Dynasty. The main reason why he chose this earth 
for his city is lucky location right on the Great Silk Road, good warm climate and 
many rivers. 

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But besides the legends and good old stories, there are exact historical facts 
in Bukhara history. Following them, the date of foundation of this city is 500 BCE. 
But before the city was founded, it had been already inhabited by people for quite a 
long time. The city was made from uniting of three separate settlements and 
building the defending wall around them. 
500 BCE as the very important point in the history of Bukhara influenced on 
the city and world: this is exactly the time when it was famous as the vassal state of 
the Great Persian Empire. Later Bukhara was the center for first Greco-Bactrians, 
and Seleucid Empire and of course well known Kushan Empire. In Bukhara history 
is mentioned the fact that in those times Bukhara was quite prosperous city. But 
becoming the center of trade on the way of the Silk Road only made the city better 
and more prosperous. Those were the Gold time of the city. Around 350 BCE 
Bukhara history and the development of the city skipped on another level because 
of Hua tribes who came from Mongolia. 
Before Islam became the main religion in Bukhara, there were two religions 
there – which are Manicheanism and Nestorian Christianity. But with the 
conqueror of Arabs not at once but gradually and with many years passed (after 
bloody and very exhausting legendary Battle of Talas) Islam became dominant 
religion and, as you know, it still stays this way.
While Bukhara has been getting used to the new religion, with a century 
passed after Battle of Talas, in 850 AD one more very important event in Bukhara 
history took its place: the city again became the capital of another Empire – 
Empire of Samanids. Persian language again became the main language in the city. 
Being the capital of Samanid Empire, Bukhara was flourishing city and intellectual 
center of the Muslims world. The city gave birth to the famous Muhammad al-
Bukhari , the author of hadiths which were actually wise authentic sayings of the 
Prophet Muhammad. Bukhara’s history changed once again in 999 AD, when the 
Dynasty of Samanids was changed by the Karakhanid Dynasty. Late 13th was the 
time when Muhammad Khorezmshakh invaded the city. 

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Then, after Karakhanid and Khorezmshakh period, Mongol era happened in 
Bukhara history. Genghis Khan ordered to burn almost half of the city, but after he 
was more merciful, because the people of Bukhara agreed to submit. Mongols 
ruled the city up until the times of Tamerlane. 
Then Bukhara became the feudal state named Khanate of Bukhara, in the 
times Shaybanids ruled it and made their capital in the city. Khanate of Bukhara 
was ruled by several rulers when in 1785 with the help of Shah Murad and 
Manghit Dynasty it turned into the Emirate of Bukhara. 
It is well known that in the history of Bukhara and British and Russian 
Empires, Emirate of Bukhara played very important role. Late 19th century was 
the time of projecting and then constructing long Trans-Caspian railway all 
through the holy city. 
During the years 1920-1925 in Bukhara history there was the time of 
Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic, integrated into UzSSR. Later wars in 
Afganistan and Tajikistan refugees came to Bukhara and also Samarkand.