O’ganilayotgan til nazariy aspektlari (nazariy grammatika, leksikologiya, stilistika)

Part of Speech Part of Speech Example 
Adjective + Noun = Short-term, first-time, long-distance 
Adjective + Present Participle = Fast-talking, time-saving, waste-reducing 
Noun + Past Participle = Whitewashed, sun-dried, homegrown 
Number + Noun = Second-place, nineteenth-century, four-wheel 
Noun + Adjective = Ice-cold, sky-blue, cruelty-free 

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Noun + Present = English-speaking, mouth-watering, self- 
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific 
Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor 
Adverb + Past Participle = Wellorganised, overweighed, undercooked 
Adjective + Past Participle = Double-baked, deep-fried, cold-blooded 
Noun + Noun = Seasick, meat eater, bulletproof 
Compound Adverb. Also called a compound modifiers, compound adverbs are sometimes 
written as one word (e.g.,everywhere), sometimes as one hyphenated word (self-
consciously), and sometimes as two words (inside out). 
Compound Noun. A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A 
compound noun is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other 
combinations. It is important to understand and recognize compound nouns. Each 
compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns. 
There are three forms for compound nouns: 
open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe) 
hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack) 
closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bathroom) 
Compound Tense 
The compound tenses are a combination of present or past tense (shown through an 
auxiliary verb) with continuous or perfect aspect. 
present = present of be + - 

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continuous ing participle. 
Mashhura is explaining his opinion to his boss 
past = past of be + -ing participle. 
92.Abbreviated words.
An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning short[1]) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by 
any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word 
or phrase; for example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr., 
abbrv., or abbrev.; NPO, for nil (or nothing) per (by) os (mouth) is an abbreviated medical 
instruction. It may also consist of initials only, a mixture of initials and words, or words or letters 
representing words in another language (for example, e.g., i.e. or RSVP). Some types of 
abbreviations are acronyms (some pronounceable, some initialism) or grammatical contractions or 
crasis. 
An abbreviation is a shortening by any of these or other methods. 
Acronyms, initialisms, contractions and crasis share some semantic and phonetic functions, and 
all four are connected by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance.[2]: p167
A initialism is an abbreviation pronounced by spelling out each letter, i.e. FBI (/ˈɛf.biː.aɪ/), USA 
(/ˌju ˌɛs ˈeɪ/), IBM (/ˈˌʌɪbiːˈɛm/), BBC (/biː biː ˈsiː/) 
A contraction is a reduction in size of a word or phrase made by omitting certain of its letters or 
syllables. Consequently, contractions are a subset of abbreviations. Often, but not always, the 
contraction includes the first and last letters or elements. Examples of contractions are "li'l" (for 
"little"), "I'm" (for "I am"), and "he'd've" (for "he would have"). 
Abbreviations have a long history, created so that spelling out a whole word could be avoided. 
This might be done to save time and space, and also to provide secrecy. In both Greece and Rome 
the reduction of words to single letters was common.[3] In Roman inscriptions, "Words were 
commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at 
least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their 
context. (For example, 
⟨ A⟩ can be an abbreviation for many words, such as ager, amicus, annus, 
as, Aulus, Aurelius, aurum and avus.)"[4] 
Abbreviations in English were frequently used from its earliest days. Manuscripts of copies of the 
old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example the Tironian et (⁊) or & for and, 
and y for since, so that "not much space is wasted".[5] The standardisation of English in the 15th 
through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviations.[6] At first, abbreviations 
were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, 
sequences like ‹er› were replaced with ‹ɔ›, as in ‹mastɔ› for master and ‹exacɔbate› for exacerbate. 

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While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing 
academic texts to reduce the copy time. 
Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, 
such as "in" for "inch" or can be a symbol such as "km" for "kilometre" (or kilometer). 
In the International System of Units (SI) manual[20] the word "symbol" is used consistently to 
define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also defines 
the way in which units should be written, the principal rules being: 
The conventions for upper and lower case letters must be observed—for example 1 MW 
(megawatts) is equal to 1,000,000 watts and 1,000,000,000 mW (milliwatts). 
No periods should be inserted between letters—for example "m.s" (which is an approximation of 
"m·s", which correctly uses middle dot) is the symbol for "metres multiplied by seconds", but "ms" 
is the symbol for milliseconds. 
No periods should follow the symbol unless the syntax of the sentence demands otherwise (for 
example a full stop at the end of a sentence). 
The singular and plural versions of the symbol are identical—not all languages use the letter "s" 
to denote a plural. 
93Phraseology: the problem of distinguishing stable and free compounds. Signs that 
distinguish them. Phraseological units and the etymology of their formation. Each nation 
has its own phraseological units that give them a special favor. Phraseological units are a 
treasure trove
of language that expresses the history, culture and way of life of any nation. They are 
figurative and spacious
language units that most clearly capture the images created by man. The phraseological 
units give the language
specialty and uniqueness, they contain special symbols and associative links fixed in the 
consciousness of native
speakers, because they are not created in the process of speech, and are used in it in a ready-
made form. The
phraseological units visually represent the way of life, geographical position, history, 
traditions of this or that

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community united by one culture. The set of phraseological units images those subjects 
and phenomena which a
person often faced in his life, namely those which caused special emotions and feelings. 
Phraseological combinations
consist mainly of word combinations, in other words, phraseologies are a separate unit of 
language and it includes
figurative, fixed phrases that are structurally equivalent to a free link or sentence, fully or