Old english grammar and exercise book
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oe grammar
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, see § 28, Note 3. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sing . N. ðēs ðēos ðis G. ðisses ðisse ðisses D. ðissum ðisse ðissum A. ðisne ðās ðis 44 I. ðȳs — ðȳs All Genders. Plur. N.A. ðās G. ðissa D. ðissum (3) The Interrogative Pronoun. 74. Paradigm of hwā, hwæt, who, what? Masculine. Neuter . Sing . N. hwā hwæt G. hwæs hwæs D. hwǣm hwǣm A. hwone hwæt I. — hwȳ Note 1.—The derivative interrogatives, hwǣðer (<*hwā-ðer), which of two? and hwilc (<*hwā-līc), which? are declined as strong adjectives (§§ 79-82). Note 2.—The instrumental case of hwā survives in Mn.E. why = on what account; the instrumental of the definite article is seen in the adverbial the: The sooner, the better = by how much sooner, by so much better. Note 3.—How were the Mn.E. relative pronouns, who and which, evolved from the O.E. interrogatives? The change began in early West Saxon with hwæt used in indirect questions (Wülfing, l.c. § 310,β): Nū ic wāt eall hwæt ðū woldest, Now I know all that thou desiredst. The direct question was, Hwæt woldest ðū? But the presence of eall shows that in Alfred’s mind hwæt was, in the indirect form, more relative than interrogative. (4) Relative Pronouns. 75. O.E. had no relative pronoun proper. It used instead (1) the Indeclinable Particle ðe, who, whom, which, that , (2) the Definite Article (§ 28), (3) the Definite Article with the Indeclinable Particle. The forms of the Definite Article agree, of course, in gender and number with the antecedent, the case depending upon the construction. The bird which I have may, therefore, be expressed in three ways: (1) Sē fugol ðe ic hæbbe; (2) Sē fugol ðone ic hæbbe; (3) Sē fugol ðone ðe (= the which) ic hæbbe. 45 NOTE.—O.E. ðe agrees closely in construction with Mn.E. relative that: (1) Both are indeclinable. (2) Both refer to animate or inanimate objects. (3) Both may be used with phrasal value: ðȳ ylcan dæge ðe hī hine tō ðǣm āde beran wyllað, On the same day that (= on which) they intend to bear him to the funeral pile. (4) Neither can be preceded by a preposition. (5) Possessive Pronouns. 76. The Possessive Pronouns are mīn, mine; ðīn, thine; ūre, our; ēower, your; [sīn, his, her, its ]; uncer, belonging to us two; incer, belonging to you two. They are declined as strong adjectives. The genitives of the Third Personal Pronoun, his, his, hiere, her, hiera, their, are indeclinable. (6) Indefinite Pronouns. 77. These are ǣlc, each, every; ān, a, an, one; ǣnig (<ān-ig), any; nǣnig ( ōðer, other; sum, one, a certain one; swilc, such. They are declined as strong adjectives. NOTE.—O.E. had three established methods of converting an interrogative pronoun into an indefinite: (1) By prefixing ge, (2) by prefixing ǣg, (3) by interposing the interrogative between swā . . . swā: (1) gehwā, each; gehwæðer, either, gehwilc, each; (2) ǣghwā, each; ǣghwæðer, each; ǣghwilc, each; (3) swā hwā whosoever; swā Download 0.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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