Oleg Yurievich Tinkov I’m Just Like Anyone Else
Konstantin Aristarkhov, member of the board of directors of Tinkov Credit Systems
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- Chapter 19 Abramovich’s First Daria
- Chapter 20 Our Beer Tinkoff .
Konstantin Aristarkhov, member of the board of directors of Tinkov Credit Systems: I first met Oleg in 1999 when we went skiing with a group of people near Lake Tahoe in Squaw Valley. There weren’t many recently arrived Russians, so we got to talking and it turned out that we had a lot of the same interests. We were both born in Siberia, I in Krasnoyarsk and Oleg in Kemerovo Province. We both skied. Oleg had served in Primorskoi Krai and I had served in Vladivostok. I had come to the States to study, sponsored by Primorsklesprom, a forestry company where I had already worked for a while. So I helped Oleg a bit when he was involved in wood sales, when he and Andrei Surkov bought the saw and started processing lumber. One day I ended up staying late at his house. He lived across the bay, while I lived downtown. “Oleg, the boats aren’t running anymore. Let me borrow a car,” I asked him. He let me take his Porsche, which he had first taken to Russia, then brought back to America to sell. I drove home in it, parked it, and fell asleep. I live in a good neighborhood, but someone slashed the convertible roof during the night. It was probably a drunk or one of the bums that live under bridges in cardboard boxes. The car was empty; there was nothing in it. They just cut a hole in the roof, the morons. I was supposed to pay Oleg for the damage, but he acted nobly, saying, “I see that you came and you’re trying to fix things yourself. I’m not taking money from you.” Chapter 19 Abramovich’s First Daria In 2001, a day came when Andrei Beskhmelnitsky, who managed Roman Abramovich’s food assets, along with Andrei Blokh (one of Abramovich’s first and main partners from back in his toy co-op days), were busy creating a holding company called Planet Management. The highly profitable but small business with the pretty name, Daria, sounded appealing to the oligarch. Andrei Beskhmelnitsky is a unique individual. He is one of the most hardworking and meticulous managers that I have ever met. They hounded me for nearly six months, but in the end they gave me no other choice—there is no other way to put it—I simply had to sell this fast growing and high quality business. On the one hand, the business brought in hundreds of thousands of dollars every day and so I was fine with it. On the other hand, though, the pelmeni market was worth a couple of million dollars a year and our share in it was already high. After I finished studying at Berkeley, I realized what market volume and share really are. If a market is large, then you can make good money even if your share is only three percent. But if the market is small, you have to be a powerful player. Now, naturally, it is really hard to grow your share if you are already the biggest player—the competition will always try to pinch a little piece of the pie. And here they were, in this case, talking me into selling my business for a couple tens of millions of dollars… By December 2001, the deal on the sale of my Daria pelmeni business was almost ready to be closed. I could not believe that I would meet Abramovich, but it was a condition I made during the negotiations with Planet. We came to the famous Sibneft office on Sadovnicheskaya Street, directly across from Balchug, with windows opening on the Kremlin. We came up to Abramovich’s severe office. The secretary was surrounded by presents: a lot of people wanted to wish the influential businessman an early happy New Year. Abramovich came out to meet us and personally led us into his beautiful guest room. I could not help but stare at a massive black and white portrait hanging behind him in which Putin was wearing a kimono. The picture had obviously been retouched. On the table there was another photo of Putin, which was also quite strange. It seemed to me that this was some kind of sign or signal. Why did he have a picture of Putin in a kimono at work? Was it an expression of respect for the president or an implication that he, the 35-year-old Roman Arkadyevich Abramovich, was on joking terms with Putin? After all, it has been said that Abramovich is among the people who selected Yeltsin’s successor. At the same time, though, there was a certain degree of provocation in the photos. I still have not figured out the answer to this riddle. I am a businessman and, as such, I have to have good intuition. There are a lot of incredibly unpleasant types among the oligarchy, but Abramovich made a very decent impression on me. He is certainly no tool, as some are. But I cannot say that he is smart and scholarly. The saying, “be quiet and you’ll pass for smart,” describes him. In the half hour that we were there he said about four phrases: “Alright, okay. So what are you gonna do with the money once you’ve sold?” And his last words were, “All right guys, get him paid up.” That was it! Ellochka Lyudoyedka 4 had a more expansive vocabulary. When I spoke, he listened and took notes of some kind. This seemed strange to me: he speaks little, but he takes note of everything. We were around the same age and I never took notes. He was uneducated—just like me. What was he writing then? When we left the room, Blokh and Beskhmelnitsky looked unhappy. They wanted to pay less, but Abramovich decided not to talk me down and I agreed to the price. It was a huge deal for me: the company had been valued at 21 million dollars, seven million of which consisted in debt owed by Daria, which Planet Management took upon itself. I had fourteen million dollars to spend. This was colossal money, especially considering that the ruble had recently lost a lot of value. But when you consider that Sibneft’s net profit in 2001 was 1.3 billion dollars, it is no surprise that Abramovich did not bother negotiating. A couple of million here, a couple there: who cares? For a billionaire that is just pocket money. 4 A character from the Russian novel (later a film), 12 Chairs, who manages to express all of her thoughts using a vocabulary of a mere 30 words. In the 1990’s the oligarchs got used to taking—from the state and from each other—based on the principle of “whoever’s strongest.” You know the names of the participants in these events. But this was a paradigm shift: the oligarchs were starting to pay. Abramovich, as always, was following the trend—he needed to somehow allocate some of his oil money, which had flowed like a river after he had managed to buy a controlling stake in Sibneft in late 1995 for very cheap, in partnership with Berezovsky. And this happened in spite of the fact that Inkombank had offered a lot more money to the government, but was barred from the auction. You can probably guess why this took place without any help from me. People often ask me why Roman bought my Daria pelmeni company. I always answer the same way: he probably already had special feelings about the name Daria. I would like to take this opportunity to congratulate Roman Abramovich and Daria Zhukova, whose son Aaron was born on December 5, 2009. Children are the most important thing in our life! On a side note, Roman Abramovich had the perfect chance to become a leader in the production of a truly feminine product, something that Daria Zhukova, as well the six children he already has, would definitely have liked. In 2000 I bought unique, high-technology ice-cream production lines for Daria, but Planet Management decided to end this product line, liquidating the damages in the contract. I think that “Daria” is the perfect name for ice-cream. Moreover I had bought Italian recipes. Why did I do it? Well, I just really love Italian ice-cream: particularly coconut, watermelon, and pineapple. Well, Roman Abramovich did not manage to maintain momentum in the frozen foods business. In 2001, Daria recorded profits, but in 2002 the company lost money. Then they tried to sell the company, but it ended up remaining with the Prodo Group, which is under Abramovich’s control. Now Prodo is managed by David Davydovich, another of Abramovich’s associates. In addition to Daria, Prodo includes 23 enterprises, including major ones such as Omsk Bacon and the Klinsky Meat-Packing Plant. Due to the crisis, Prodo ended up in a difficult position and spent a lot of time in court, in negotiations with creditor banks that were still waiting for their money after deadlines had already passed. I would not be surprised if Abramovich and Davydovich regret buying Daria now. Maybe I regret selling it too. If I had retained ownership, the company would probably be doing a lot better. After all, we had really created a high-powered brand. Maybe the day will come when I will buy back the company and get it back on its feet. I was sad to sell Daria, but the money I got for it helped me suck it up. I had a huge amount of cash and did not know what to do with it. First, I transferred it to the Latvian bank Parex Banka, then to Volodya Kogan at the St. Petersburg bank Promstroibank, and from there to Zenit Bank. Finally I could start working on my dream—to build a beer factory in Pushkin. By that time my restaurant in St. Petersburg was more than popular and everyone wanted bottled beer. But that is another story. In finishing my story about Daria, I cannot help but recall someone who did not manage to stay with me through thick and thin. I am talking about Igor Pastukhov, to whom I had given a small share in the business (around five percent). We had met back at the Mining Institute. He lived with me in the dorm on Shkipersky Stream and wrote my term papers for me: minor ones for five rubles and major ones for twenty-five. I showed him the ropes in business and told him about where he could get stuff for cheap. In essence, he was my gopher, running around on my leads. In the mornings he keep a spot in line at the stores. I raised him, told him how to dress, talked him out of different marriages (he was always trying to marry his secretary or some such thing). Igor worked as general director at Daria. At first I did not sell the whole company, but only ninety-five percent of it. I held the remaining shares and, according to the contract, I still had to work there for six more months. But entrepreneurs cannot cooperate with big bureaucratic structures. I got tired of flying to Moscow for meetings, conferences, and negotiations. So Igor did the flying. I do not know if it was a couple of phrases that Abramovich relayed to him, or if it was something else that happened, but he decided that he had caught God by the beard. He realized that the power had shifted: I was only a partner with 5%, while he was Daria’s director. Pastukhov got his bonus from the Daria deal and I offered him a partnership in the beer project. He was supposed to invest five percent, but he played the cheapskate. I invest, say, ten million in a new business—now you invest your fifty thousand! But he could not afford it. A lot of people would say that I need to forgive like a good Christian. On the one hand, I did forgive him. I do not hold it against him. On the other hand, I just wanted to speak my mind. I sold Daria to Roman Abramovich for twenty-one million dollars, seven million of which went to pay back debts. Chapter 20 Our Beer? Tinkoff. I had long dreamt of building a brewery. In 1997, even before the creation of the Daria restaurant chain, we discussed the idea with a rather well known St. Petersburg businessman by the name of Alexander Sabadash. All the bad press he gets aside—claiming for example, that he is a raider and a bad man—he is a very intelligent and intuitive businessman. He has got a sixth sense. Around ten years ago he controlled virtually the entire alcohol market in the northwest, having gained control over Liviz. Next he became a senator. But he also has his weaknesses, which have led him to the state he is in now. When we met, Sasha’s main brand was Our Vodka. He bottled it in Leningrad Province at the AFB11 factory. He said that he would not be opposed to selling Our Beer as well. I liked the idea and so began developing a business-plan for the factory. Sabadash was to be the main investor. I wanted to invest something as well, but I did not have the necessary funds just then—like many of you reading this book. What was I to do? I connected with Sergio Gutsalenko, a colleague from Petrosib and an American of Russian heritage. Together we went to Moscow, found a hotel to stay in, and, for two weeks, went to bank after bank. Inkombank (I met with the deputy of Inkombank’s now late president Vladimir Vinogradov), Alfa-Bank, International Moscow Bank, Tveruniversalbank, Tokobank… We met with practically everyone. It is clear now why so many of those banks no longer exist. I came to them and said, “Organize some financing for me. I’ll buy some beer-making equipment, which we’ll use as collateral, and I’ll pay off the loan.” They looked at me with condescending surprise. “Listen, kid. Have you lost your mind? You’re an electronics salesman. Go sell ‘em. TVs and beer are like apples and oranges.” In the end, every bank in Moscow refused me. That is when I went to the well-known St. Petersburg businessman and banker, Vladimir Kogan, who had been a creditor for my Tekhnoshok chain. “Listen Volodya, give me a loan. I need ten million. I’ll pay everything off in a year. You’ll make good money.” “Oleg, you sell electronics. Why did the idea of beer production suddenly pop into your head?” I think that Volodya never became a true oligarch because he did not like to take risks. He did not give loans to entrepreneurs like me and he did not want to get into the ownership sector. Instead he remained a creditor. I think that he should have gotten into the economy in the 1990s. He should not have given out loans, but rather bought out big companies. But I think his mind was more at ease giving loans to giants like the Kirovsky Factory. At that time, in 1997, the only large beer company in Russia was Baltika. If Kogan had given me money then, I am sure that today Tinkoff would be the second or third largest company on Russia’s beer market, earning billions of dollars in revenue. Sun Interbrew, which now holds second place, had only just started developing. Having entered the market really late, in 2003, I still managed to get a whole lot done. Just imagine what would have happened if I had gotten the factory up and running five years earlier. We would have shipped in a second hand factory, set it up, and destroyed everyone. I was shown a factory in northern England belonging to the bankrupt producers of Greene King. The equipment was worth fifty million, but was being sold for only ten million! I could not pull together even this small sum though. Tekhnoshok was not bringing in much profit and, at that point, I had not started my pelmeni business. Apart from the Russian banks, I also ran around to Western ones. I tried to get the manufacturers to give me the equipment up front—to be paid off later—or a loan, but they would not help me either. In the end my old Icelandic friend, Thor Bjorgolfsson, along with his partner Magnus Torstensson, bought the equipment from an English factory that had produced low alcohol-content cocktails under the name Bravo. They brought in the equipment, installed it on Dalnevostochny Prospect, and began making Bochkaryov beer. This was another trend that I helped to spur along—using a surname for your product. We opened the restaurant on August 1, 1998, and we could not get Thor to leave it alone—not for a moment. He would even bring his girlfriend there. He opened the Bravo International brewery in the spring of 1999. And so I decided to see if I could come up with something new. If the Russian people really liked Tinkoff so much, then we had to have a Russian surname. Why not make it Bochkaryov? Later he made a cheap brand Okhota, and began producing the Bavarian beer Löwenbräu under license. The business gained momentum quickly and, in 2002, Thor and Magnus passed the whole thing on to the Dutch company Heineken for 400 million dollars. That could have been me. But—mundane fact that it is—I had not been able to find the money. Thor invested the money he made in the Icelandic bank Landsbanki, which has suffered immensely during the current crisis. It is too bad. Nevertheless he remains an influential person and a highly intelligent and talented businessman. He did a good job! To come from Iceland to Russia in the turbid nineties and to build an honest, legal and transparent business—especially in the beer industry, which was highly criminalized at the time—must have been no easy feat. Ilya Vaisman, for instance, Baltika’s financial director, was simply murdered in January 2000. I always say that, to achieve success, a businessman needs strong motivation. Thor wanted to assert his family’s honor. His father, Bjorgolfura Gudmundsson (yes, in Iceland one’s surname is a patronymic), went through some very difficult times in the eighties: his firm Hafskip went bankrupt and, at one point, he was threatened with a jail sentence. Thanks to the riches that Thor earned, however, his father was able to get back into business, in a big way, in the first decade of the millennium. If I had found money for the construction, then, my life would have gone rather differently— maybe better, maybe worse. The important thing is to have no regrets. I must say, though, that I was very disappointed at first. My plans for the construction of the Our Beer factory remained unrealized. I still have them someplace in my files: those beautiful, in-depth plans for the brewery. But I continued tracking the beer industry. The idea of building a factory did not leave my thoughts. In October 1997, when the Icelanders had agreed to buy the plant in England, I flew to the Drinktec exhibition, which is held in Munich during Oktoberfest once every four years. I walked around the stands, trying to find a manufacturer that would sell me equipment in installments. I came across a small stand set up by the company Wachsmann. I got to talking with the company’s owner, Joost Wachsmann, and told him about my dream of building a beer factory. He put me on the right path, when he said, “Listen, Oleg. Don’t get frustrated if you don’t have enough money now. Build a restaurant with a brewery in it, create the brand, and then start working on a big factory.” Joost took me to a few beer breweries in Munich, where we discussed the details over lunch and dinner. The equipment cost somewhere in the ballpark of half a million Deutschmarks, with the remainder of investment in the project costing about the same again. I had a million, so I decided to get building! Joost told me that the Gordon Biersch restaurant chain was using Wachsmann equipment. This was the straw the broke the camel’s back—my decision to use their equipment was final. I really loved the Gordon Biersch restaurant in San Francisco. I was taken there by Alex Koretsky, an American of Russian heritage, who I first met back in 1993, during my first trip to the States. The restaurant is situated not far from the Bay Bridge, close to the business center, and I really liked sipping their fresh, unfiltered beer. The restaurant’s patrons were mainly rich kids and the atmosphere was noisy and fun. American food is not particularly renowned for its good flavor, but this restaurant always served excellent food. The whole thing worked, thanks to the business duo that had started the venture. Dan Gordon was the only American to have completed a program at the Weihenstephan beer school in Munich, an institution where classes are held exclusively in German. Dean Biersch, whom I never had the privilege of meeting, was chef. This was the perfect combination. In 1987 Dean decided to open a restaurant/brewery and learned of Dan through a mutual friend. Their meeting at a pub led to the creation of a serious restaurant chain. They opened their first location in Palo Alto in 1988, followed by a few dozen more around the States and abroad. In the nineties, control of the company was sold to the Fertitta family, which owns casinos in Las Vegas. I knew that there was demand in St. Petersburg for good restaurants. At Petrosib, my colleagues and I would often go out for beers on Fridays or Saturdays. We usually went to Mollies Irish Pub on Rubinshtein Street. There was often a line-up there, as the pub was a favorite among expats. One night, Andrei Mezgiryov, who would later work as director of the Tinkoff brewery, asked me, “Oleg, what if we opened a similar bar?” At first I favored the name that we had discussed with Sabadash: “Our Beer”. But when one of our German suppliers got some documents with Our Beer written on them, he said, “Oleg, what do you mean, ‘Our Beer’? That sounds ridiculous! You’re the owner. In Germany the owner’s name is always on the beer.” “No, no, no. It would be embarrassing. I’m a humble guy. It’s dangerous in Russia, what with the mafia. And I don’t think there’s any reason to attract the attention of the authorities either…” “That’s rubbish! Aren’t you responsible for the quality of your product? It’ll be the best beer in Russia, brewed completely to Bavarian standards, using Bavarian malt.” I paused for a minute, thinking, and my ambition came into play. I wanted to bring fame to my family name! Why are Gordon and Biersch allowed to, while I am not? So I decided: all right then, let’s change the “v” to a double “ff”. And that is how the Tinkoff brand came into existence. While the equipment was being made—a process that takes about six months—we looked for a location. At first I called the former chairman of the St. Petersburg CPMC (City Property Management Committee), Alexander Utevsky. Leonid Davydovich Blat, a full Cavalier of the Order of Glory and the only Jew in the world that bears the insignia, referred me to him. He worked for me at Petrosib. Alexander Utevsky (another legendary St. Petersburger who, as head of the company SevZapProm, 5 was involved in the socio-economic crisis in Pikalyova) told me about an empty property on Kazanskaya Street, in building 7, where there used to be a Zarya factory. The property was perfect for a fancy restaurant. It was 200 meters from Kazan Cathedral and 250 meters from Nevsky Prospect. It was on a quiet side street where it would be easy to park your car. Long ago it had been a Nobility Hall, but on January 1, 1842, the first savings bank in Russia was established there by Nicholas I, “with the goal of providing low income people of all professions with a means of saving in a reliable and profitable way.” If I had been in German Gref’s shoes, I would have bought the building for Sberbank. He is quite aware of it, as he helped me to rent it for use as a restaurant when he was chairman of the CPMC. At the same time, the company Stanley, owned by Stanislav Bushnev, was also looking to get into the place. This kid is way behind the times. We all remember the turbid nineties. That is when he was born. Unfortunately, the mindset in the regions has changed at a much slower rate than in Moscow. I saw Bushnev in St. Petersburg recently, and he still walks around all grim and surrounded by bodyguards. When I was trying to secure the property, Stas proclaimed, “That place is mine.” “But the papers show that it’s mine,” I replied. It developed into a conflict and I told my friend Emma Vasilyevna Lavrinovich about the situation. She is still the director of Oktyabrsky Big Concert Hall. She knows all the politicians and businessmen in St. Petersburg. If she charged them a commission for everyone she knows, she would be one of the richest people in Russia. In 1996, she had introduced me to Alla Borisovna Pugachova. Now, however, she told me to get in touch with German Gref and to explain the situation to him. Andrei Surkov attended the meeting. Gref finished listening to our story about how we wanted to build a restaurant, with a microbrewery attached, and signed a ten-year lease agreement, with far better terms than one usually sees in the city. We offered several times more than Stanley had offered. It is not enough to offer the government more money. You have to talk to a high- ranking official as well if you want to see the issue resolved. I will tell you more: even today, the building’s fate has not been sealed. People are still arguing about it. I created and sold four businesses and fought to keep the restaurant in the same building the whole time. For the most part, however, the conflict does not concern the part of the building where the restaurant is located, but rather the Zarya Defense Plant. On March 17, 2004, Anatoly Ivanov, the plant’s director, was shot dead, along with his bodyguard. Ivanov had had lunch in my restaurant. Then, in the courtyard of his building, a contract killer opened fire on him 5 During 2008-2009, the economy of Pikalyova, an industrial town, suffered greatly when its three largest enterprises were shut down. Other companies suffered too, as a result—to the point where there was a failed attempt by the State Duma to transfer a number of firms, including SevZapProm, to State ownership. with a Kalashnikov. In downtown St. Petersburg the most fantastic things can occur within a few thousand square meters of real estate. In St. Petersburg, unfortunately, in contrast to Moscow, the legal mechanics of regulating real estate are very complicated. In the end it is still difficult to establish who the landlord of the building on Kazanskaya Street actually is. Currently a trust management institute is used for real estate objects, along with some other complex bureaucracies. Every building should have an owner though—either the city or a private owner. You cannot reinvent the wheel. Download 221.22 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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