Oleg Yurievich Tinkov I’m Just Like Anyone Else
Anton Bolshakov, former deputy chairman of the board at Zenit Bank
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- Yevgeny Finkelshtein, promoter
- On Drugs and Alcohol
- Chapter 23 My Confidence Trick
- Anton Bolshakov, former deputy chairman of the board at Zenit Bank
Anton Bolshakov, former deputy chairman of the board at Zenit Bank: After the crisis of 1998, I headed up project financing at Zenit Bank. I was looking for new financing opportunities and found out about Daria through our St. Petersburg branch. The company needed funds for expansion, for the construction of a new plant. We needed to meet with the higher-ups. So Oleg Tinkov, who was already quite well known for his beer restaurant, flew in. Daria already had something of a share in the frozen meat product market. Oleg came for just one day, arriving by air in the morning and departing the same evening, which was surprising to me. That’s how we met. We talked and he gave me the impression that he knew full well what he was doing. Compared to other clients, he looked pretty fresh—an unusual young man. Life has taught me to take the interests of others into account and he has the same ability—to understand and to take such interests into consideration. It was not a stupid attempt to get three kopeks, while letting three million fly right by. Later his colleagues sent in the required documents. The work began and, as a result, we built a new plant and later a brewery, followed by another bigger brewery, as well as beer restaurants in Moscow and Samara—basically we ended up in a long-term business relationship. We financed a lot of projects while I was working at the bank. Yevgeny Finkelshtein, promoter: Oleg is a flamboyant person, but he knows his limits. He knows how to slide along the edge without crossing it to the point where his flamboyancy would become annoying. He thinks through everything he does, really. A lot of funny things happened. Soon after the Tinkoff “one of a kind” commercial aired, there was a Bosco di Ciliegi show. I saw Oleg wearing Bosco clothes, followed by another thirty wearing the same brand. So I joked, “They say he’s ‘one of a kind,’ but it turns out that there’s a crap-load of him.” He heard the joke and shook his fist at me. On Drugs and Alcohol I have been known to have a toke of ganja once or twice a year. It relaxes me. Everything has its time and place. For instance, in 2004, I went with our managers to Jamaica and we smoked weed every day, because the setting and the atmosphere there were fitting. We watched how the locals did it and smoked with pleasure. When we were on Necker Island and I brought the subject up with Richard Branson, he asked me what the problem was, what the big deal was. He allows his own kids to smoke the stuff. I am not sure I would let my kids do it. I am no pothead. I may smoke now and then, but if I go twelve months without, I am fine. I could not care less. Now, hard drugs are a different story altogether. They are complete poison. They have to be rooted out immediately. The situation with vodka is more complex. After all, I am Russian. Sometimes I drink; sometimes I stop drinking. In my view, I drink a lot, but in the view of my friends from Leninsk-Kuznetsky, I do not drink at all. When I’m getting in shape, cycling in Tuscany or freeriding in the French Alps, I lose fat. The better form I am in, the less susceptible I am to drinking. When I get back home, I get drunk very easily. Then I start gaining weight from the alcohol. I’m always trying to achieve a fine balance between sports and killing myself by drinking. Recently I haven’t been enjoying drinking and I try to do it less often. The period between December 25 and 31 is a particularly difficult time for me. My birthday is on the 25 th , while Dasha and Pasha’s birthdays are both on New Year’s Eve. And then there is the New Year, of course, and the western and Orthodox Christmases. You must understand why it is a difficult couple of weeks for me. In general, I am more inclined to drink in the fall and winter. Alcohol is a good thing. In reasonable doses, it relaxes you. I am very suspicious of people who do not drink at all. In my opinion these people are dangerous. At the same time, I do not understand how a person can drink four nights out of the week. Even twice a week seems like a lot. The question is: where does one draw the line? Sure, it is a fine line, but it needs to be established. Chapter 23 My Confidence Trick At the same time that we were constructing the factory in 2003, we were getting ready to release phenomenal bonds into the market. Just imagine, a company with revenue of nineteen million dollars issuing bonds worth thirteen million. The interest rate was fairly high—seventeen percent annually—but these were completely unsecured bonds, to be paid off by 2005, on merit. The idea’s instigator was Alexander Vinokurov, who had formerly owned the bank KIT Finance. In 2002, when his bank was still called Web-Invest, he and I had a few beers in the Moscow Tinkoff Restaurant. I told him about my dream of opening a big brewery and he said, “Oleg, why don’t you issue bonds for the project?” “Sasha, I do not think our revenue is high enough for bonds. We are unaudited. We’re not ready.” “That can be fixed.” My dear readers, we were right on the cusp of a dream, hovering between that and a stupid idea. Sasha’s words struck me as absurd. I have to thank him, though, because he was the one to suggest the idea, which at first seemed simply idiotic to me. He convinced me that we could implement it. From there everything started rolling along and I was on fire with the plan. In January we established a firm called “Tinkoff-Invest,” as it is easier to issue bonds from a legal entity with a blank slate. Sixty percent of the shares in this limited liability partnership belonged to New Technologies, LLP (the Tinkoff restaurant chain’s official name), while forty percent were held by InterBeer, LLP (the brewery in Pushkin). Both of the LLP’s belonged to me and were set up through the company William Technologies Inc. (located in the British Virgin Islands). New Technologies and InterBeer were the guarantors for the bond loan. On April 11, the Federal Securities Market Commission registered the issue of bonds in the amount of four hundred million rubles. Zenit Bank, my main financial partner, organized the deal. I could not hire Web-Invest for the job. The latter, however, along with Novikombank, joined us as co-organizers. We decided to issue two-year bonds, with four warrant periods and a single put date. This meant that one year following the circulation, we were obligated to buy back the bonds at a rate of 1000 rubles from anyone that wanted us to do so. This made the bonds even more attractive. At the same time, the interest rate was fixed at a high level (20.5% annually). What was up for auction, really, was the rate for the first two warrants. The analysts expressed their skepticism. Vladimir Tsuprov of National Development Bank, for example, averred that “an interesting issuer has been presented on the market. On the one hand, it’s a promising and growing business. It’s loan volume is huge, it’s got a lot of financial leverage (which will lead to low levels of financial sustainability and a high debt load on the company).” Alexei Krivoshapko of United Financial Group asserted that “the Tinkoff case is a classic example of project financing. Bonds are an instrument that are good, in principle, for bringing all cash flow under a single currency, but the yield is far too high for serious consideration. If the value of the dollar does not increase, then the loan’s yield will stall at twenty percent, which is very costly.” On April 30, for better or for worse, I issued the bonds. The interest rate for the first two warrants was at set at 12.95% annually. In view of the fact that the next warrant periods were higher, we issued the bonds at 17.1% annually. The market went crazy: a microscopic company had issued bonds in a value that was higher than its proceeds. An absurd idea, which had been dreamed up over a mug of beer, had become a business. We raised a ton of money—thirteen million dollars. I did not think that it was that much: my business had a good rate of return and I saw its prospects. In cases like that you do not pay attention to the interest rate. You have money for development. I am grateful to Alexеi Karpentsev, at that time my Director of Corporate Finance, for the work he did on the bond circulation. He is a skydiver, freerider, yachtsman, and a person who likes to take long walks alone. It is hard for him to work in a structured way and he warned me about this as soon as he was hired—but we decided to try him out anyway. We still maintain good relations and sometimes run into each other on the slopes at Krasnaya Polyana in Sochi, where he currently resides. I wanted to invest seven million dollars in order to double the output of the plant in Pushkin to twenty-five million liters by December 2003. In particular, I wanted to buy twenty cylinder-conic tanks and four aging tanks. In the summer, I wanted to open a production line making malt cocktails with an output of 8000 liters per day and costing close to a million euros. With our new production capacity, we would be able to make six million bottles a month and, in 2004, my plan was to earn revenue of 72 million dollars. In addition, several more restaurants were in the works. I wanted to use the remaining six million I had made on the bonds to pay off my debts to Zenit Bank. At the same time, I understood that our beer production capacities were not enough for me. Even doubling them would not help that much. I needed to either buy or construct a new factory of the right size. But what kind? In 2001, the company Steinecker built the Bulgar-Khmel brewery in Cheboksary with a loan from the German government, in the amount of twenty-five million dollars and guaranteed by the government of Chuvashia. In 2003, it fell into the hands of Kakha Bendukidze and he decided to sell it. Somehow or other, Kakha was always squeezing his way into different enterprises. I do not understand at all how an individual was able to take ownership of such massive enterprises. The same thing happened with the Izhorsky factories, the biggest in St. Petersburg. How does that happen? How does it come about that an enterprise occupying a thousand hectares was owned, essentially, by one person. He owned Uralmash, too, the factory producing Krasnoye Sormovo submarines, as well as some other strategic enterprises. Thank God all of them have been transferred to state control, through Rostechnologies. Handing such factories over to private interests is never the right thing to do. I went to Kakha’s office in Blagodatny Alley in the center of Moscow to discuss it. I went through the iron doors and Kaka came bumbling out of his office and started stretching his fingers backwards. What a cool guy! Kakha proved to be a good negotiator. He was tough and tenacious, but his eastern roots showed. In the end, we concluded an agreement of intent, and I transferred two million dollars to him. We even delivered bottles to the factory in Cheboksary, where Andrei Mezgirov was practically living. We interacted closely with the president of Chuvashia, Nikolai Fyodorov, a good man, who treats investors well. But in August, Bendukidze’s manager called us and informed us that the factory had already been sold to InBev for thirty-six million dollars. How? Why? To what end? I was perplexed and called Kakha in for a meeting. He came to a Tinkoff Restaurant, ate a couple of sausages, and said, “You know what, Oleg? Don’t be upset. Back in the day, I worked in the semiconductor department at the Scientific Research Institute. But I lost the tender for a factory. Like you, I was worried; for two weeks I could not sleep. Now when I tell you where the factory was you’ll understand everything”. “Where?” “In Grozny.” “Okay, but you kept two million dollars and the money did not work for me.” “I’ll give it back.” “Of course you will, but I could have used that money for gain elsewhere.” I am still mad at Kakha. He did the wrong thing. He paid me a low rate of interest (LIBOR, if I am not mistaken), which did not even compensate for inflation. After the deal fell through I called Nikolai Fyodorov and he said, “It’s private business. You must understand that there’s nothing I can do.” Well that was fine and dandy. There is a Russian saying that says: “There cannot be fortune without some help from misfortune.” It applies well to what happened with Bendukidze. If I had gotten on board with Bulgar-Khmel, I would have been stuck there and would have remained a small producer. After all, the plant was capable of only eighty million liters a year. There were no other enterprises for sale, so I decided I would have to build my own. After Bendukidze failed me, I was more ready to rumble than before. I wanted to become a significant player in the beer market. I wanted to make lots of money. The problem, however, was that I did not have money to build the factory. * * * Then a confidence game of epic proportions began. This story is exclusive to this book. By that time we had bought all the land around the plant in Pushkin and fenced in a massive plot. In total we had close to ten hectares. We established the whole infrastructure required for a large factory: gas, electricity, and water. All we needed was the factory itself. Now a two hundred million-liter factory cost somewhere in the ballpark of eighty million dollars. I had no idea where to get the money so I decided to go all in. I sent the money that had received from the debt securities, circulated with the help of Aton Financial Group, as pre-payment to all the suppliers, intending that they begin getting the equipment and construction machinery in order. I did not want to waste time on that later. I wanted to save time. Then I went to Zenit and said, “We need to do something. This is how much I make; this much of it is profit. The small plant netted a million dollars a month, but that was not enough. It would have taken eighty months to pay for the new factory. The guys at Zenit were real dears and gave me a line of credit line, prepared synthetic loans for me, and provided guarantees to the German manufacturers. They even got me a loan from Slavinvestbank. The entire factory was built on credit. On my blog, people often ask me questions about where to get money for a business if you have none to start with. Well here is an example. I am not saying that this operation will work for you. I was lucky. I always have been. But it is not just a matter of luck. I had a brand. I had a working business. I had a track record—I had successfully built and sold two businesses. And, incidentally, at Zenit’s credit committee meeting, Anton Bolshakov said the same thing: “This guy just sold a business to Abramovich. He builds and sells, builds and sells. I have no doubt that this time again he’ll build this business and then sell it.” The funny thing is that, in 2005, I really did sell the business—for 260 million dollars. It was yet another success story, which I will talk about later. Even now, working at Tinkoff Credit Systems, I borrow money for development. Businesses all over the world develop on the basis of borrowed funds. Everyone wants to borrow, so it is impossible to build a large business using your own funds alone. Some portion is usually “your own,” but inevitably you will need to borrow. When I try to get bank loans today, a lot of people use the argument that I have bought and sold a lot of businesses, making the point that all of my undertakings succeed. But I still come up against bureaucrats. As a rule they are fat, bespectacled, and wear poorly-sewn, often English suits (a normal person would never wear an English suit; rather, such a person would wear an Italian one or—in a pinch—a German one). These bureaucrats say, “No, it’s a pyramid scheme. It sucks.” I will be happy if at least one of these idiots buys my book and reads it. Maybe he will learn something from it. It is more likely, however, given the logic in accordance with which he lives his life, that he will decide once and for all never to give me a loan ever again. Well, screw him. He might as well shove his money up his ass. Let him sit at home jerking off to Fashion TV. What a bland, mediocre, space-holder of an individual. “He’s a man who keeps himself in a hard-shell case,” wrote Chekhov about such people. Alternatively, he is like the bureaucrat in Gogol’s Shinel. One day he will keel over and die because someone stole his worn out, double-breasted suit. He will die of worry. And so, guys, the moral of the story is this: it is hard to get hold of money; no one is going to give it to you for nothing, just like that, even if you have a track record like mine. * * * Let me get back to the plant. How did the financing scheme work out? At its first stage, Aton organized the circulation of notes worth 150 million rubles, making it possible for us to make pre- payments on the equipment. Beyond this, Aton did not participate in the project, as they had taken on the Afanasy brewery. In addition to our floating assets, we financed the plant from two other sources. The first was Zenit Bank, which paid for all of the construction and made pre-payments on equipment that was immediately signed over to the bank as collateral. The second source was the German company Ziemann GmbH, which kindly gave us a reprieve of payment on the cylinder-conic tanks that are used in the fermentation process. In addition, Zenit wrote three letters of credit for us. The first payment to the Germans was to be made four months following the start of production. The general payments to Zenit were expected to last until 2008. We bartered for four months and got them down to fifteen million dollars for the equipment. The price was not marked up in spite of the installment plan, but it is clear that the price included a premium. In other words, if we had paid in cash, up front, the price would have been even lower. But I was completely fine with the terms, especially as compared with other, similar transactions. Krasny Vostok announced that they had built a 150,000,000-liter plant in Novosibirsk, at a cost of one hundred million dollars. Our factory, producing two hundred million liters, however, cost eighty million. On top of that, the plant was designed so that we could double the output for a low price-tag of fifteen million. I am not afraid to say that, in terms of investment, it is the most efficient beer plant in Russia. The reason? I was personally responsible for the negotiations. There were no kickbacks. On October 14, we signed a contract with the German concern Krones AG. Rainulf Diepold, executive vice president at Krones, and Josef Koniger, managing director at Steinecker’s (the daughter company of Krones that executed the project), attended the ceremony. We chose Krones, because the company had a good reputation as a developer of cutting edge technologies and held patents on a number of brewing equipment solutions. This had never happened before in Russia—German companies, that is, constructing a plant from start to finish, from the laying of the foundation to the installation of the bottling line. While the big plant was under construction, I mostly hung around Moscow, working on financing and dealing with our creditors, a few dozen Germans from the companies Krones, Steinecker, and Ziemann. I called Andrei Mezgiryov, who was in charge of the process, eight times a day. Andrei is another very talented manager from my team. I am happy that he has started his own venture now. As far as I know, the business is operating successfully. He is an example of a successful manager that evolved into an entrepreneur. Unfortunately, the percentage of managers that go on to become businessman is not too big—but he is one of those, in any case. Now he is doing successful construction work, cooperates with the Russian Railway, and has a few dozen people under him. He works for the good of the country. Before I began negotiating with the Germans, I had been counting on getting the plant up and running in time for the summer of 2004. They convinced me that this would be unfeasible and we pushed the date to September 1, 2004. Upon signing the contract, we wrote in our press release, “The plant will be built in 11 months then. This is an absolutely record time-frame, not only for Russia, but relative to global standards.” But life put everything in its right place and the plant’s construction dragged on for an additional nine months. It was not completed until the summer of 2005. That is why my advice would be for people to take time lag into consideration when preparing investment projects. You can be sure that things will inevitably go differently than you expected—especially in Russia, even if your contractors are from Germany. In 2003 I decided to borrow money to build a big beer plant. Anton Bolshakov, former deputy chairman of the board at Zenit Bank: Oleg came to us asking for money for a small plant. It was not as though he were asking for money for the Dnieper Hydroelectric Dam. Before the plant, we had had a lot of joint projects. Over that time he had earned a positive credit history with our bank. When you’re constructing and developing, money’s always needed—and always a bit more than your existing leverage. Oleg is a banker himself now, so he understands. We had three areas of cooperation: Daria, the restaurants, and the beer—two plants, a small one and a large one in Pushkin, just outside St. Petersburg. When we started working together he had one restaurant in St. Petersburg. The remaining restaurants in the chain were built with borrowed money. All of the loans for them have been repaid. Everyone’s pleased, everyone’s laughing. No one has any complaints. I do not think that the risk was too high when we gave Oleg the loan for the brewery. The industry was consolidated and growing by twenty-five percent every year. It needed new capacities. The risk lay in the fact that St. Petersburg’s beer output is too high. But we also believed that everything would be okay. Of course, no one gives money based on belief alone. We discussed everything—how things would develop further, who would buy the business if need arose. Everything turned out as we planned though. Download 221.22 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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