On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 3. References
- Reduction of heat-fluxes during re-entry using magnetic fields
- Microcrater formation model under cathode spot plasma of a vacuum arc
- 2. Model description and Results
- Remote sensing of plasma phenomena in the upper atmosphere of the Earth by ground-based optical emission spectroscopy
- Metastable Molecules in O 2 Plasmas probed by High-Resolution Fourier Transform Absorption Spectroscopy
2. Results In full late afterglow conditions, the N-atom gas phase chemistry is essentially reduced to the 3-body recombination process and the N-atom density [N] is related to the N 2 1 st pos emission at 580nm I 580
I 580
= k [N] 2 ,
(1) where the proportionality constant k can be obtained by NO titration [1]. Similarly, the emission intensity I 385 of the CN violet system at 385 nm can be used to obtain the absolute C-atom concentration, once the N-atom density is known. Varying the CH 4 amount (< 3 0 / 00 ) and the pressure in the 4-20 Torr range, it is found that the [C]/[N] ratio shows a peak maximum for the N 2 /0.4 0 / 00 CH 4 gas mixture and that a maximum [C] atom density of 4.7 10 13 cm -3 is obtained at 13 Torr, with a corresponding N-atom density equal to 8.3 10 14 cm -3 . 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 [C ] (i n 1 0 13 cm -3 )
[N ] (i n 1 0 15 cm -3 ) Pressure (Torr) [N] [C]
Pressure variation of N and C-atoms densities in the N 2 /0.4 0 / 00 CH 4 late afterglow (0.5 slpm, 100 Watt) Anatase nanocrystals and ALD TiO 2 samples were exposed in optimal afterglow conditions at temperatures ranging between 20 and 300°C and XPS analysis of the treated samples is in progress .
3. References [1] H. Zerrouki, A. Ricard, J.P. Sarrette, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 54 (2014) 827. Topic number 14
numbe1r 120 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Reduction of heat-fluxes during re-entry using magnetic fields K. Lüskow 1 , S. Kemnitz 2 , G. Bandelow 1 , J. Duras 3 , D. Kahnfeld 1 , P. Matthias 1 , R. Schneider 1 ,
4 P
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In wind-tunnel experiments a heat flux reduction was observed by applying magnetic fields. The underlying mechanism is still unexplained. One possible reason is the indirect effect of magnetic fields on the total heat flux. The application of magnetic fields influences the flux of electrons and ions, and through charge-exchange collisions also the dominant contribution of neutrals in the heat flux. To reduce heat fluxes during re-entry one idea is to use magnetic fields that shield the spacecraft from the flux[1]. In 2002 the European Space Agency started an investigation on heat-flux mitigations by externally applied magnetic fields in partially-ionised argon-flows [2]. In these test experiments due to large differences between plasma density (~10 17 m
-3 ) and neutral density (~10 21
-3 ), most of the heat-flux is carried by neutrals. Therefore, it is not directly expected that it can be reduced by magnetic fields. Figure 1: Magnetic field and simulation domain. To study such scenarios the Particle-in-Cell method with Monte-Carlo collisions [3,4] was used. The simulation reproduces the heat flux reduction qualitatively. The magnetic field leads to a change in electron and ion density by affecting the trajectories of the charged particles through the Lorentz force. Magnetic field lines in the dipole-like field converge to the centre of the target. As particles are guided into this region a shield of high plasma density builds up in front of the target. Neutral transport is affected by charge exchange collisions with ions acting as a momentum sink for the neutrals and reducing the neutral axial velocity. By this, the resulting total neutral heat flux is reduced. Ion heat flux is increased only weakly, because the radial losses due to the magnetic field and turbulence get stronger. In addition, the simulation was verified against experimental spectroscopy using optical emission analysis. In the free stream region a loss of intensity for all wavelengths appeared, whereas in front of the target an increase of the intensity is observed. Both effects were in good agreement with the experiment. Figure 2: Simulated radial profile of the total heat flux onto the target. A photo was simulated from the calculated optical emission spectrum. The simulation reproduces the observed optical effects when applying the external magnetic field. These effects are an overall red shift, a smaller bright emission region close to the arc jet exit and an emission region in front of the target. [1] M.L. Blosser, NASA Technical Memorandum. 110296 (1996). [2] A. Gülhan et. al., J. of Spacecrafts and Rockets. 46 (2009), 274-283. [3] D. Tskhakaya et. al., Contributions to Plasma Physics. 47 (2007), 563-594. [4] K. Matyash et. al., Contributions to Plasma Physics. 47 (2007), 595-634. 5 121
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Microcrater formation model under cathode spot plasma of a vacuum arc
G. A. Mesyats 1 and I. V. Uimanov 2
P 1 P
P
P
vacuum arc has been developed to describe the formation of a microcrater on the cathode under dense cathode spot plasma. In the context of a 2D axisymmetric problem statement of charge, heat, and mass transfer in a cathode, the formation of a crater on a copper cathode has been simulated. It has been shown that for the cell current ranging between 1.6 and 7 A and the time of current flow through a cell ranging between 15 and 60 ns, the crater diameter is 3–7 µm. In these cases, the current density at the center of a cathode spot cell is ∼10 12
2 , and the average current density in a cell, determined using the crater diameter, is ∼10
11 A/m
2 . The obtained results are in agreement with experimental data on the crater size, cathode spot lifetime, and cathode spot current density at near-threshold arc currents.
According to numerous observations, any vacuum arc track on a cathode has a substructure of microcraters. Based on these observations, the ecton mechanism of the operation of a cathode spot (CS) was proposed [1]. The CS comprises an active area of a cathode, heated to above its melting temperature, and the adjacent dense CS plasma. The ecton model assumes a cyclic operation of individual CS cells having micrometer spatial dimensions and lifetimes of several tens of nanoseconds. Recently, some advances have been made in the theoretical study of the role of the liquid-metal phase in the initiation and operation of a CS cell [2–4]. 2. Model description and Results In the context of a 2D axisymmetric statement of the problem of the charge, heat, and mass transfer in a cathode, a semiempirical hydrodynamic model has been developed to describe the formation of a microcrater and the initial stage of the formation of liquid-metal jets in a cell of the cathode spot of a vacuum arc. The model includes experimentally obtained characteristics of the cathode spot plasma interacting with the cathode, such as the pressure exerted by the plasma on the cathode and the power dissipated in the cathode. The crater formation has been simulated for a copper cathode at a constant CS cell current. It has been shown that for the cell current ranging between 1.6 and 7 A and the time of current flow through the cell ranging between 15 and 60 ns, the crater diameter is 3–7 µm. The simulation predicted the maximum current density in the cell center equal to (1–3) ⋅10
12 A/m
2 for all calculation variants where the formation of a micrometer-size crater took several tens of nanoseconds. The mean current density in the cell determined in terms of the crater diameter is an
Fig. 1. Results of the numerical simulation of the micro- crater formation (Cu, i c = 3.2 A, r 0 = 0.8 μm). order of magnitude lower, ~10 11 A/m 2 are in agreement with experimental data [1] on the crater size, cathode spot lifetime, and cathode spot current density at near-threshold arc currents. The work was performed under state assignment (theme No. 0389-2014-0005) and supported in part by the RFBR (grants Nos. 16-08-01099, 15-08-01648). 3. References [1] G.A. Mesyats, Cathode Phenomena in a Vacuum Discharge: The Breakdown, the Spark, and the Arc. Moscow: Nauka, 2000. [2] Mesyats G.A and Uimanov I.V., IEEE Trans. on Plasm. Sci., 43 (2015) 2241-2246. [3] M. A. Gashkov, N. M. Zubarev,, O. V. Zubareva, G. A. Mesyats and I. V. Uimanov, J. of Exp. and Theor. Phys., 122 (2016) 776–786. [4] M.A. Gashkov, N.M. Zubarev, G.A. Mesyats, and I.V. Uimanov, Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 42 (2016) 48–55. Topic number 122 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
by ground-based optical emission spectroscopy F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez 1 , M. Passas 1 , J. Sánchez, A. Luque, O. Van der Velde 2 , J. Montanya 2
1 Solar System Department, IAA - CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C. Colom, 1, Terrassa, Spain *Contact e-mail: vazquez@iaa.es
atmospheric balloons and usually too low for most satellite sensing. The occurrence of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) in the upper layers of the atmosphere connected to lightning activity in the troposphere (0 - 14 km) can be now remotely sensed with GRASSP, the GRanada Sprite
plasma phenomena occurring in the mesosphere of the Earth. Spectra recorded with GRASSP can provide valuable information about key features of the mesosphere through remote sensing of such transient plasmas. We present preliminary results of gas temperatures and the degree of vibrational excitation of mesospheric air plasmas.
The first and simultaneous spectroscopic cam- paigns of TLEs were carried out in the mid 1990s [1, 2], soon after the discovery of TLEs in 1989 [3]. These initial campaigns provided preliminary results on the optical emissions of TLEs corresponding to the first positive system (FPS) of N 2 (B 3 Π g ) → N 2 (A 3 Σ + u ) in the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectral range (540–840 nm) recorded at standard video rate (30 fps) and at low (between 9 and 6 nm) spectral resolution. More recently, in 2007, spectroscopic observa- tions of sprite optical emissions between 640 nm and 820 nm provided information on the relative vibra- tional concentrations of the emitting electronic state N 2 (B 3 Π g , v') at different altitudes using higher video rate (300 fps) and higher spectral resolution (3 nm) spectrographs [4] originally designed for aurora spectroscopy [5]. The above mentioned sporadic TLE spectrosco- pic campaigns identified some of the key optical emissions from sprites (a type of TLE) and were even able to quantify some of the vibrational con- centrations of the emitting levels in reasonable agreement with model predictions [6]. However, the best spectral resolution achieved to date is 3 nm and it is not enough to spectrally resolve the different low-lying vibro-rotational transitions of the FPS of N 2
This contribution focuses on (1) the latest upgra- des of the GRanada Sprite Spectrograph and Polari- meter (GRASSP), a ground-based medium-high spectral resolution spectrograph aimed at characteri- zing from ground the spectroscopic fingerprints of all sort of TLEs occurring in the mesosphere of the Earth and (2) the GRASSP 2015, 2016 summer- autumn TLE spectroscopic campaign in Europe when we got the first ever recorded high-resolution spectra of sprite halos and columniform and carrot- like sprites. High-resolution spectra of TLEs recorded with GRASSP are a valuable tool to remotely probe the upper atmosphere of the Earth and extract informa- tion about the gas temperature and the distribution of vibrational levels of N 2 (B
Π g ) underlying some of the transient optical emissions of TLEs. GRASSP works at 0.24 nm spectral resolution covering the spectral range between 700 nm and 800 nm. The last version of GRASSP is currently in- stalled in Castellgalí, Barcelona (Spain), it is aimed and operated manually by the operator from the UPC group on-site or operated remotely from IAA- CSIC in Granada. GRASSP is already being used for systematic TLE spectroscopic surveys in Europe as part of the ground support for the future Atmospheric Space
(TARANIS) space missions to be launch by the end of 2017 and 2018, respectively.
[1] S. B. Mende, R. L. Rairden, G. R. Swenson, and W. A. Lyons, (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2633 [2] D. L. Hampton, M. J. Heavner, E. M. Wescott, and D. D. Sentman, (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 89
[3] R. C. Franz, R. J. Nemzek, and J. R. Winckler, (1990) Science 249, 48 [4] T. Kanmae, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and M. G. McHarg, (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L07, 810 [5] T. J. Hallinan, H. C. Stenbaek-Nielsen, and C. S. Deehr, (1985) J. Geophys. Res. 90, 8461–8475 [6] F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez, A. Luque, and M. Simek, (2011) J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys) 116, A09, 319 Topic number 7 123
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Metastable Molecules in O 2 Plasmas probed by High-Resolution Fourier Transform Absorption Spectroscopy
A.Chatterjee P 1,2
P , J.P. Booth P 1
, U O. Guaitella 1 , N. De Oliviera 2 ,L. Nahon 2 ,C.M. Western 3
P 1 P
Observatoire de Paris,Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, PSL Research University, F-91128 Palaiseau, Franc, 2 P Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif Sur Yevette, France; 3 University of Bristol, UK
DC glow discharges in pure oxygen were studied by high resolution (~10 6 ) VUV absorption spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. O 2 (X), O 2 (a), O
2
(b) and ground state O atoms were observed, allowing their absolute densities to be determined as a function of gas pressure and discharge current.
Electrical discharges in oxygen-containing gases are found widely in nature and are used for many industrial processes including etching, polymer stripping and surface cleaning as well as for sterilization and other biomedical applications. Metastable molecules (a 1
and b 1 g ) and atomic oxygen produced in such plasmas play a vital role in the plasma characteristics. Since they destroy O - negative
ions by associative detachment reactions, they have a strong effect on the plasma conductivity and reactivity. They are principally lost by reactions at the chamber walls, but the surface reaction coefficients are poorly known, limiting the predictive power of models. Vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy is a promising technique for detecting these transient species. However, their VUV spectrum has not been measured since Ogawa et al. [2,3] in the 1970’s. We have used the excellent spectral resolution (~10 6 )
Transform (FTS) branch at synchrotron Soleil [1] to revisit these measurements. Combining with spectral simulations we can identify the best transitions for future time resolved kinetic measurements on the monochromatic branch of the DESIRS beamline.
The DC discharge was excited in a 40cm long, 1.2 cm id Pyrex tube with water cooling and stainless steel electrodes and MgF 2 windows to transmit the VUV beam. The transmitted light in the region 120- 170 nm is analysed with the FTS [1].
Fig 1 compares our results with the spectra of Ogawa et al. O 2 X, a and b bands are observed, with high resolution, allowing the rotational temperature to be determined. The O 2 X and a state densities were determined using the data of Ogawa. 120
125 130
135 140
145 -1 0 1 2 3 4p 1 u
b O 2 X(Ogawa), 2.5x10 16 cm -2 Opt
ic al
depth Wavelength(nm) O 2
1 g (Ogawa), 4x10 15 cm -2 O atom
3 S 0 3 P j O 2 e' a O 2 a & O 2 X
10mBar He + 0.05mBar O 2
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