On phenomena in ionized gases
Plasma sheath and pre-sheath in front of a ceramic wall: experimental and
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- Theoretical study of the influence of nitrogen admixture on plasma decay rate in argon dc afterglow
- Experimental and theoretical study of radial profiles of the Ar metastable atom density in diffuse and constricted dc discharges
- References
- On the mechanism of retrograde motion of vacuum arc cathode spot in external magnetic field
Plasma sheath and pre-sheath in front of a ceramic wall: experimental and theoretical study
V. Pigeon, N. Claire, C. Arnas, L. Couedel
plasma, are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Measurements were performed in a multipolar device using emissive probes and the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) diagnostic which shows an unexpected and significant flow of ions directed away from the wall toward the bulk plasma. The secondary electron emission (SEE) from the ceramic is assumed to be the cause of this phenomenon, since BNSiO 2 is known to be a strong emitter [1]. In order to explain experimental observations of the ceramic sheath, a kinetic model accounting for SEE, energetic electrons, thermal electrons and ions is being developed.
Plasma-wall interaction is a fundamental field of research in
plasma physics
for numerous applications. We are presently focused on a ceramic wall used in Hall thrusters (BNSi0 2 ), in which plasma-wall interactions are important in the combustion chamber sustaining issues and in the particle transport problematic. The study presented in this poster aims to better understand the sheath and pre-sheath physics in the vicinity of a BNSiO2 wall sample. The sheath and pre-sheath are studied experimentally, while a kinetic model is developed to describe the sheath. Experimental measurements are performed in the quiescent argon plasma of a multipolar device. Both the LIF and emissive probes are used to explore the ceramic sheath, measuring ion velocity distribution functions (IVDF) and the plasma potential, respectively. The results highlight an unexpected ion flow directed toward the plasma in addition to the wall-directed one as shown in Figure 1. It appears that these flows are slightly asymmetric regarding velocities, densities and consequently fluxes. These features cannot be explained by a monotonic sheath potential drop. Moreover, previous measurements performed in similar conditions in front of metals reported monotonic potential drop [2]. It indicates that metals and BNSiO 2 do not behave the same way when embedded in a plasma. We have developed a kinetic model which takes into account the BNSi0 2 SEE characteristic coefficient, energetic electrons, thermal electrons and ions with finite temperature. It allows to calculate the variations of the potential and the densities along the sheath as a function of the energies and temperatures of the plasma species. The results are in good agreement with previous theoretical results describing sheaths in the presence of the previously cited species [3] (Figure 2). Furthermore, the model shows that a backward ion flow is incompatible with a monotonic sheath. Further improvements of the model will aim to verify the experimental results. Moreover, emissive probe measurements will be performed in the sheath, in order to avoid the strong laser light scattering at the ceramic surface.
Fig. 1: IVDF at 1.5 cm from the ceramic wall sample
Fig 2: Wall potential variation vs impinging electron energy; α: relative energetic electrons concentration.
[1] T. Tondu, M. Belhaj and V. Inguimbert Journal of Appl. Phys. 110 093301 (2011). [2] N. Claire, G. Bachet, U. Stroth and F. Doveil Phys. of Plasmas 13, 062103 (2006). [3]
S. Langendorf and M. Walker, Physics of Plasmas 22, 033515 (2015).
3 153 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Theoretical study of the influence of nitrogen admixture on plasma decay rate in argon dc afterglow
N. Dyatko, A. Napartovich Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Pushkovykh Str. 12, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
In the present work the decay of plasma in a dc afterglow in pure Ar and Ar:N 2 mixtures was studied theoretically under the following conditions: discharge tube radius R = 1.5 cm, N 2
admixture = 0.1%-1%, gas pressure P = 1 – 5 Torr, discharge current I = 20 – 50 mA. It was shown that the addition of nitrogen to argon led to a dramatic change in plasma decay scenario. One of the reasons is that the effective electron temperature in Ar+N 2 afterglow is rather high due to the second kind collisions of electrons with vibrationally excited molecules. As a result, the rate of plasma decay due to ambipolar diffusion is high, too. Another reason is that at the early stage of the afterglow ( 15 ms at P = 5 Torr) the loss of electrons and ions is noticeably compensated due to ionization processes with the participation of excited nitrogen atoms N( 2 P, 2 D) + N(
2 P) = N
2 + + e. In the present paper, plasma parameters in a dc glow discharge and afterglow in Ar and Ar:N 2
mixtures were studied theoretically using the self- consistent 0-dimentional kinetic model [1]. The model included balance equations for charged species, a system of kinetic equations for populations of electronic states of Ar atoms, N 2
the vibrational kinetics of N 2 molecules in the ground electronic state and an equation for the electric circuit. Rate coefficients for electron- induced processes were calculated from solution to the electron Boltzmann equation (with taking into account electron-electron and second
kind collisions). The preliminarily estimated gas
temperature was taken as a parameter. The procedure of simulation was as follows. First, time-evolution of plasma parameters was calculated to come to steady-state discharge conditions (further it is characterized by the discharge current value I). Then, the applied voltage was set to zero and the time-variation of plasma parameters in the afterglow was calculated. Electron concentrations calculated in the steady state discharge plasma (I = 20 mA, P = 1 Torr, 5 Torr) and in the afterglow are shown in fig. 1. According to the performed analysis, in pure Ar afterglow the electron temperature quickly (< 1 s) relaxes to the gas temperature. The plasma decay is governed by recombination of electrons with molecular ions and ambipolar diffusion process, the contribution of the former process decreases with the decrease in the ion concentration. In the discharge in Ar:N 2 mixtures the high degree of vibrational excitation of nitrogen molecules is achieved [1]. As a consequence, the effective electron temperature in the afterglow is also high [2] due to second kind collisions of electrons with vibrationally excited molecules. And high electron temperature in the afterglow results in the high rate of plasma decay due to ambipolar diffusion process. On the other hand, at early stage of the afterglow ( 15 ms, at P = 5 Torr) the loss of electrons and ions is noticeably compensated due to ionization processes with the participation of excited nitrogen atoms N( 2 P, 2 D) + N(
2 P) = N
2 + + e. Naturally, the contribution of different processes to plasma decay rate depends on the gas pressure. It is seen in fig. 1 that at P = 1 Torr, the addition of N 2
to Ar leads to the significant increase in the decay rate. At P = 5 Torr the situation is more complex. In the beginning, the plasma in Ar afterglow decays faster and then slower than in Ar+1%N 2 afterglow. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, # 15-02-06191.
[1]
N.A. Dyatko,
Yu.Z. Ionikh,
A.V. Meshchanov, A.P. Napartovich, K.A. Barzilovich, Plasma Phys. Rep. 36 (2010) 1040. [2] S. Hübner, E. Carbone, J.M. Palomares, J. van der Mullen, Plasma Proc. Polym. 11 (2014) 482.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 11 n e , cm -3 t, ms P = 1 Torr I = 20 mA R tube
= 1.5 cm Ar Ar+1% N 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 7 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 11 P = 5 Torr I = 20 mA R tube = 1.5 cm t, ms
n e , cm -3 Ar+1% N
2 Ar
Fig. 1. Calculations. Electron concentration in the discharge plasma (t<0) and in the afterglow (t>0).
Topic number: 5 154 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Experimental and theoretical study of radial profiles of the Ar metastable atom density in diffuse and constricted dc discharges
G. Grigorian 1 , U N. Dyatko 2 , I. Kochetov 2
1 St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia 2 Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Pushkovykh Str. 12, 108840 Troitsk, Moscow, Russia
In the present work the radial profiles of the number density of metastable Ar(1s 5 ) atoms in a dc glow discharge in argon at intermediate gas pressures were studied both experimentally and theoretically under the following conditions: discharge tube radius R tube = 2.0 cm, gas pressure P = 40 Torr – 100 Torr, discharge current I = 10 mA – 50 mA. For gas pressures under study a step- wise transition from diffuse to constricted form of discharge was observed after the discharge current had exceeded some critical value. Radial profiles were measured and calculated in diffuse as well as constricted discharges. Measurements were performed using optical absorption technic, and in calculations the self-consistent 1D axial-symmetric discharge model was used. Results of calculations were in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
It is known that at intermediate gas pressures the increase in the discharge current leads to the constriction of the positive column of the diffuse glow discharge. In most cases it looks like step- wise transition after the discharge current exceeds some critical value, herewith the transition is accompanied by the noticeable decrease in the electric field strength E in the positive column. The constricted positive column looks like a narrow bright cord at the discharge tube axis. In the present work the radial profiles of the number density of Ar(1s 5 ) metastable atoms were measured and calculated in the diffuse discharge as well as in the constricted discharge. Measurements were performed using optical absorption technic, experimental setup and procedure were nearly the same as in [1]. In calculations the self-consistent 1D axial-symmetric discharge model was used [2]. The measured E(I) dependences and the calculated ones in argon discharge at P = 60 Torr are shown in fig. 1. One can see that, in this case, the measured critical current value for the step-wise transition from diffuse to constricted discharges is about 37 mA. The calculated E(I) curve agrees rather well with the measured one. In fig. 2 there are normalized radial profiles of the number density of Ar(1s 5 ) metastable atoms. These profiles were measured and calculated in diffuse (I = 20 mA) and constricted (I = 50 mA) discharges. As one should expect, the profile of metastable atoms in the constricted discharge is essentially narrower than that in the diffuse discharge. The number densities of Ar(1s 5 ) atoms measured at the tube axis are 8.53 10 10 cm
-3 (I = 20 mA) and 6.1 10 11 cm
-3 (I = 50 mA).
This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, # 16-02-00861.
[1] G.M. Grigorian, N.A. Dyatko, I.V.Kochetov, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 (2015) 445201. [2] N.A. Dyatko, Yu. Ionikh, I.V. Kochetov, D. L. Marinov, A.V. Meshchanov, A.P. Napartovich, F.B. Petrov, S.A. Starostin, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 Diffuse discharge Ar,
P =60 Torr, R tube
= 2 cm
Experiment Calculations E, V/cm I, mA Constricted discharge
Fig. 1. Measured and calculated values of the electric field strength in the positive column.
0.0 0.5 1.0
1.5 2.0
0.0 0.2
0.4 0.6
0.8 1.0
Experiment I = 20 mA, diffuse discharge I = 50 mA, constricted discharge Calculations
I = 20 mA
I = 50 mA
Ar, P =60 Torr, R tube = 2 cm
Ar*
(r) /A r*(0) r, cm
Fig. 2. Measured and calculated normalized radial profiles of Ar(1s 5 ) metastable atoms. Topic number: 6 155
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
On the mechanism of retrograde motion of vacuum arc cathode spot in external magnetic field
S.A. Barengolts 1 , U V.G. Mesyats 1 , M.M. Tsventoukh P 2
P
P
P
P
The physical processes that accompany the retrograde motion of the cathode spot of a vacuum arc in an external tangential magnetic field are considered based on the principle of maximum magnetic field. It is shown that the magnetic field causes an asymmetry in the plasma density distribution at the boundary of the plasma jet ejected from the cathode spot, but it has no effect on the physical processes that occur immediately in the spot. Cathode spot extinction is accompanied by ejection of plasma toward the site where the total magnetic field (the external field plus the self- magnetic field of the cathode plasma jet) is a maximum. At this site, a new spot is born. The velocity of the directed motion of a cathode spot in an external magnetic field increases with current mainly due to an increase in geometric size of the spot operation area.
The retrograde motion of the cathode spot of a vacuum arc in an external magnetic field parallel to the cathode surface is one of the most mysterious and difficult-to-explain phenomenon of vacuum discharge physics. The cathode spot motion opposite in direction to the Ampere force was discovered in 1903 by Stark [1]. When constructing a model describing the retrograde motion of the cathode spot of a vacuum arc, we will proceed from the principle of magnetic field maximum formulated by Kesaev[2]. Its essence is that the cathode spot motion is directed predominantly toward the site where the total magnetic field being the sum of the external magnetic field and the self-magnetic field of the cathode plasma jet is a maximum. In reality, the retrograde motion of a cathode spot is the initiation of new cathode spot cells mainly in the direction "retrograde" to the Ampere force. Analysis of the mechanism of initiation of cathode spot cells (that explosively emit ectons [3]) has shown that the main characteristic that determines the development of thermal
instability of
the cathode
surface microscopic irregularities (on reaching a critical temperature T
) is cathode plasma density n pl [4].
It is shown that immediately in the area of the cathode spot operation, the magnetic pressure is substantially lower than the gas-kinetic pressure and its effect shows up where the jet is compressed and, as a result, the plasma density increases. When a cathode spot dies out, the current passed through it decreases abruptly, and so does the magnetic pressure produced by this current at the boundary of the plasma jet. This results in plasma ejection in the direction of cathode spot retrograde motion at the site where the total magnetic pressure was a maximum until the spot extinction. The initiation of new cathode spots is probabilistic in nature and is determined not only by the plasma density, but also by the geometry and temperature of microirregularities whose explosion gives birth to new spots. We introduced the probability density function for the angle by which the cathode spot path deflects from the retrograde direction to the Ampere force:
2 1 ,
(1) The velocity of the retrograde motion of a cathode spot is determined as
4 ,
(2) where R and τ are the space and time steps of the motion of a single cathode spot. For a second-type spot, these quantities are approximately equal to the spot crater radius and lifetime, respectively. According to our model, the increase in velocity of the directed motion of a cathode spot with arc current is determined mainly by the increase in crater size.
[1] J. Stark. Phys. Zeitschrift. 4 (1903) 440. [2] I.G. Kesaev. Cathode Processes in an Electric Arc (Nauka, Moscow, 1968). [3] G.A. Mesyats. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41 (2013) 676. [4] S.A. Barengolts, D.L Shmelev, and I.V. Uimanov. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 43 (2015) 2236. 3 156 |
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