On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 3. References
- The memory effect of pulsed plasma jets in He, Ar and N 2
- 2. Development of the memory effect
- 3. The role of charged species
- References
- Departure from Maxwellian electron energy distribution function in microwave argon plasmas at atmospheric pressure
- 2. Experimental setup and data analysis
- 4. References
- Tangential and Normal Electric Field Imaging using Mueller Ellipsometry for kHz driven Atmospheric Jet in Controlled Environment
- Influence of pressure on electrical discharge/arc transition.
1. Introduction Controlled electron emission in vacuum is very interesting for applications such as high frequency amplifiers, accelerators, etc. Most of the sources of electron emission are localized thermo-field emitters, known as micro-protrusions (MP), present on the surface of the cathode. The electric field is locally enhanced at the MP tip where initially the cold field-emission occurs. This current flowing along the MP leads to the MP heating by the Joule effect. Consequently, the temperature increases, facilitating the electron emission by the thermo- ionic effect. If the temperature of the MP tip reaches the melting temperature, the cumulative effects develop thermo-emissive instabilities and the breakdown can occur. In this work, we present the numerical analysis of the effect of the space charge on the electron emission and the breakdown voltage.
This theoretical work focuses on the description of the electron emission of a field emitter. The problem is reduced to a 2D axisymmetric time dependent model. The electron emission is given on the MP surface with the Murphy and Good approximation [1]. The MP surface temperature, the electric field and the work function (φ=4.3 eV for titanium (Ti)) are the inputs of the Murphy Good model. The MP temperature is governed by the Joule heating effect The Joule heating effect is induced by the current inside the MP. A complete description of this part of this model is given in [3]. The electric field is obtained as solution of Poisson equation. The electron density is determined from the mean number of emitted electrons filling each mesh during their flight. 3. First results
Fig.1. Electrical field (a), normal current density (b), and temperature (c) at the surface of the emission zone of a titanium elliptic MP for V
= -33.1 kV and d
= 0.2
. mm with and without space charge.
For V cath = -33.1 kV and d gap = 0.2 mm, Figure 1.a shows a decrease (9 % at the tip) of the electric field at the MP surface when the space charge is considered. This decrease causes a reduction of the current density (2.5 times lower Fig 1.b) at the MP tip. As a consequence, the Joule effect is less important and the temperature at the surface decreases as well (Fig 1.c). Neglecting the space charge, the melting point (T melting = 1930 K for Ti) is reached whereas with the space charge considered, the maximum tip temperature is only 1400 K.
[1] E L Murphy et al. Phys. Rev.102 (1956) 1464 [2] W B Nottingham Phys. Rev.59 (1941) 906 [3] B Seznec et al. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49 (2016) 235502 Topic number 301
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
The memory effect of pulsed plasma jets in He, Ar and N 2
M. van der Schans P 1 P , J.H. Savenije 1 , L.C. van Mouche 1 P , M. van Ommeren 1 , R.G.J. Jongen 1 P
W.L. IJzerman 1,2
and S. Nijdam 1
P 1 P
P
P
plasma bullets are typically generated. One of their most notable properties is that they follow a fixed path. This behavior is generally ascribed to a memory effect, where the remnants of previous bullets provide a guiding channel for the new bullet to follow. In this work the development of the memory effect is investigated during the first several voltage pulses using a high frame-rate camera with image intensifier. Helium, argon and nitrogen are used as feed gas and flow into open air. For helium, all consecutive plasma bullets follow the same trajectory, with the exception of the very first one. In contrast, for argon and nitrogen the length of the trajectory develops during the first ~10 voltage pulses, which is shown to be closely related to transport of remnants in the gas flow.
Atmospheric pressure plasma jets have received much interest in the past few decades for their numerous potential applications in materials processing and biomedicine [1]. When pulsed voltages in the kHz-range are used to to excite the jet, typically so-called ‘plasma bullets’ are visible in short exposure ICCD photographs. These plasma bullets are streamer-like discharges with the special property that they are very periodic and all follow the same fixed trajectory. This behavior is usually explained by a memory effect where the presence of discharge remnants from previous plasma bullets provide a guiding channel for the next bullet [1,2]. However, currently not much is known about the precise mechanisms and development of the memory effect during the first cycles of the plasma jet. In this contribution we show how the memory effect develops when helium, argon and nitrogen are used as feed gas and flow into open air. In addition, an experiment to investigate the role of charged species in the discharge remnants is discussed.
To investigate the development of the memory effect, the trajectories of the discharges during the first few voltage pulses are recorded. This is done by photographing the optical emission with a high frame-rate camera with image intensifier, which makes it possible to record the trajectories of consecutive individual discharges up to several kHz repetition rates. When using helium as feed gas, the trajectories of all plasma bullets are the same, with the exception of the very first one. The plasma bullets travel along, and are guided by, the outflowing stream of helium and the remnants of previous discharges only ensure that the jet reignites during the next voltage pulse. In contrast, when either argon or nitrogen is used as feed gas, a development phase of about 10 cycles is observed. In these first 10 discharges the trajectory of the plasma bullet grows along the axis of the jet until it reaches its final length and becomes repeatable. By numerical simulation of the gas flow, it is found that the length of a trajectory corresponds to the distance particles have travelled in the flow starting from the first discharge. This implies that in this case the guiding mechanism is not just related to the presence of the outflowing feed gas, but rather to the presence of discharge remnants that are transported in the gas flow.
Next we would like to know what species constitute the discharge remnants and what their role is. Previous work by Nijdam et al has shown the role free electrons in the guiding of positive streamers [3]. To investigate this for the pulsed plasma jet, another experiment is performed where an external electric field is applied perpendicular to the bullet’s propagation direction between two discharges. The first results using nitrogen as feed gas demonstrate that the trajectories can in fact be manipulated this way and hence that charged species play an important role in the memory effect.
[1] X Lu, G Naidis, M Laroussi, K. Ostrikov, Phys.
[2] S Hofmann, A Sobota, P Bruggeman, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 (2012) 2888-2899 [3] S Nijdam, J Teunissen, E Takahashi, U Ebert, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2016) 044001
10 302 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Departure from Maxwellian electron energy distribution function in microwave argon plasmas at atmospheric pressure
A. Durocher-Jean P 1 P and L. Stafford L . UP 1 P
1 Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Optical emission spectroscopy was used to analyse the EEDF in atmospheric-pressure argon plasmas sustained by surface wave. Using emission lines from Ar >4p levels, an excitation temperature of 0.37eV was obtained from the Boltzmann plot. On the other hand, the electron temperature determined by comparing the emission intensities from Ar 4p-to-4s transitions to those predicted by a collisional-radiative (C-R) model assuming a Maxwellian EEDF yielded 1.55eV. Departure from a Maxwellian EEDF was confirmed by allowing non-Maxwellian distributions in the C-R model and obtaining a much better experimental/theoretical agreement. Moreover, the distribution yielding the best fit was consistent with the excitation temperature at low electron energies but was characterized by a high-energy tail.
Surface-wave plasmas are very attractive tools to study phenomena in ionized gases because they can be sustained over a wide range of experimental conditions. In many studies reported in literature, the electron population is described by a Maxwellian Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF), even under atmospheric-pressure plasma conditions. In this work, optical emission spectroscopy is used to analyse possible departure from Maxwellian EEDFs in argon plasmas produced by surface waves in the microwave regime. 2. Experimental setup and data analysis The microwave plasma was sustained at 2.45GHz in a fused silica tube (6mm ID, 8mm OD) with a surfaguide wave launcher. All measurements were recorded with an absorbed power of 500W, at 10cm downstream from the launching gap. The Ar mass flow rate was set to 0.5slm and the tube was open to ambient air. Optical emission spectra were recorded over two wavelength ranges. The first one covered the 400-700 nm range and was used to record emission lines from Ar >4p levels. Assuming Boltzmann equilibrium for these states [1], the Ar lines were used to extract an excitation temperature (T exc ) from the Boltzmann plot. The second range (700-900 nm) was used to analyse Ar 4p-4s transitions. The Ar lines were then fitted with a collisional-radiative model to extract the mean electron energy 〈 ??????〉. The electron energy probability function (EEPF) was allowed to be a generalized probability function exp[(?????? 〈??????〉 ⁄ ) ?????? ], where the Maxwellian EEPF corresponds to n=1 and only in such a case is 〈 ??????〉 the electron temperature T e . 3. Results In this study, T exc was 0.37eV whereas the value of T e obtained assuming a Maxwellian EEPF was 1.55eV. While T exc
most likely describes low-energy electrons (up to ~1eV), direct and stepwise excitation reactions considered in the C-R model are sensitive to both low and high-energy electrons, hence the difference. As shown in Fig. 1, departure from a Maxwellian EEDF was confirmed by decreasing the n parameter in the generalized EEPF function and obtaining a lower standard deviation (better agreement) between measured and simulated emission spectra. The best fit was obtained for n=0.6. In such condition, the EEPF displayed in Fig. 2 presents a similar trend to T exc at low electron energies. However, a high-energy tail is observed, which is consistent with the higher Te value obtained with n=1.
10 15 10 16 10 17 10 18 10 19 0.1 0.5
0.9 1.3
1.7 2.1
2.5 n=1 Minimum: 39.4 Elec tron T empe ratu re (e V) Ar 1s 2 number density ( m -3 ) 10 15 10 16 10 17 10 18 10 19 0.1 0.5 0.9
1.3 1.7
2.1 2.5
n=0.6 Minimum: 38.6 38.6 83.0 Fig. 1: Percentage standard deviation colormaps for a Maxwellian (left) and n=0.6 generalized (right) EEPFs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 Elec tron e ne rgy pro ba bi lit y fu nc tio n Electron energy (eV) Generalized Distribution ( n=0.6; Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution ( T e
T exc
= 0.37eV
Fig. 2: EEPFs calculated from T e , T
exc , 〈
??????〉, and n.
[1] M. D. Calzada, M. Sáez, and M. C. Garcı ́a, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 34 (2000). 6 303
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Tangential and Normal Electric Field Imaging using Mueller Ellipsometry for kHz driven Atmospheric Jet in Controlled Environment
Elmar Slikboer 1, 2 , Enric Garcia-Caurel 2 , Ana Sobota 3 1
P 1 P
LPP, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France P
P
Imaging Mueller Ellipsometry is applied for the kHz-driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) to measure electric fields in a controlled environment to study the effect of different gas mixtures. The method exploits the electro-optic effect of dielectric BSO and Fe:LiNbO 3 crystals to visualize the induced electric field. This field is present due to charges deposited on the target surface by the APPJ. This induces a local change of refractive index according to the Pockels effect. For the first time a Fe:LiNbO 3 crystal is examined under exposure of an APPJ, which reveals imaging about the tangential field components.
The field induced on surfaces as well as the charge transferred to a target are key parameters for the control of any application of atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJ). These parameters are in particular strongly dependant on the composition of the surrounding atmosphere in which the APPJ is expanding. Using the Pockels effect it is possible to measure electric fields induced in dielectric targets. This can be imaged by measuring the retardance light experiences as it travels through the crystal. Electric fields are induced by charges deposited by the APPJ, which is operated at 2 kV with a 30 kHz sine wave. Every positive half period a guided ionization wave is generated and deposits charges at the surface. These are removed with a weak back discharge when the voltage polarity changes [1]. Mueller Ellipsometry is a more general form of Ellipsometry, since it allows depolarization of the light by the sample. As such a complete measurement includes information about the optical properties of the target regarding dichroism, retardation and depolarization. This is important to correctly describe what is happening in the target when it is in contact with the guided ionization waves. 2. Imaging Mueller Ellipsometry and experimental setup Figure 1 shows the obtained Mueller matrix of BSO after impact of the ionization wave created by the APPJ. Using the differential decomposition method the measured Mueller matrix is analysed to obtain the optical properties of the used crystals. As the light travels at normal incident through the target the induced linear retardance relates to the normal electric field component when the BSO crystal is used. It relates to the tangential component when using Fe:LiNbO 3 . This is due to the respective crystal structure and orientation, i.e. cubic 23 symmetry for BSO and trigonal 3m for Fe:LiNbO 3 , while both have a z-cut orientation. The normal component of the field is strongest at the impact point where the charges are deposited. This is visible in the induced retardance, visible in the matrix elements (3, 4) and (4, 3). The tangential field would show a larger spread within the crystal (figures not included). The images are an average throughout the thickness of the crystal, which is 0.5 mm. The APPJ is targeting the crystal at 45 degrees horizontally and is positioned on the left hand side of the figures. Both the APPJ and target are within an airtight glass cell which allows for measurements in a controlled environment. Figure 1: The measured Mueller matrix (rad) of BSO under exposure of the APPJ, after impact of the guided ionization waves. Using 1 ??????s exposure time and 6.7 x 8.9 mm 2 image size. We have already performed an extensive parametric study with a jet expanding in the room air [2]. This new study investigates the normal and tangential surface field with a similar APPJ in a controlled gas environment. 3. References [1] E. Slikboer, O Guaitella, A. Sobota,
Plasma
Sources Sci. Technol. 25.3 (2016) 03LT04 [2] E. Slikboer, E. Garcia-Caurel, O. Guaitella, A. Sobota,
Sources
Sci.
Technol.
26.3 (2017)
035002 Topic 6
304 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Influence of pressure on electrical discharge/arc transition.
R. Landfried, T. Leblanc, E. Odic, Ph. Teste GeePs | Group of electrical engineering - Paris, UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 11 rue Joliot-Curie, Plateau de Moulon 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
This paper reports on investigations of transitions between electrical discharges and electric arcs in argon atmosphere for different values of gas pressure. Results show that transitions may occur for same current intensity values whose range was found to be pressure dependent. .
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