On phenomena in ionized gases
Instantaneous charge state of Uranium projectiles in fully ionized plasmas
Download 9.74 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Experimental study of microwave plasma breakdown in microstrip devices for power limiting applications
- 2. Plasma microdischarges in microstrip devices
- 3. Study of microwave plasma breakdown
- High power microwave signal
- Influence of target on electric field in kHz-driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet in Helium
- Micro-glass capillary focusing of plasma ion beams and creation of microstructures
- 2. Experimental Setup
Instantaneous charge state of Uranium projectiles in fully ionized plasmas from energy loss experiments
R. Morales, M.D. Barriga-Carrasco, Ignacio Moreno E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, E-13071 Ciudad Real, Spain The instantaneous charge state of uranium ions traveling through a fully ionized hydrogen plasma has been theoretically studied and compared with an energy loss experiment. For this purpose, two different methods to estimate the instantaneous charge state of the projectile have been employed: (1) rate equations using ionization and recombination cross sections, and (2) equilibrium charge state formulas for plasmas. The equilibrium charge state of projectiles in plasmas is not always reached, and therefore, a non-equilibrium or an instantaneous description of the projectile charge is necessary. The charge state of projectile ions cannot be measured, except after exiting the target, and experimental data remain very scarce. The knowledge of the charge state of heavy ions is of significance on accelerator, fusion plasma physics and high energy density physics applications.
The inertial confinement fusion driven by heavy ion beams is one of the method to obtain energy using fusion reactions. Understanding the physics of heavy ions traveling through plasmas is an important topic in plasma physics. Heavy ions possess good features to heat small samples of matter reaching the necessary temperature and density for the nuclear fusion takes place. On the other hand, conventional stripping techniques are limited in their applicability, e.g. short lifetime in foil stripper and lower efficiency in gas stripper. To reach long lifetime and higher efficiency, the use of plasma as a stripping medium has been studied. In stripper devices, one of the most important thing is the prediction of the final charge state distribution of the ion beam and its total energy loss, which the presented work focuses on. 2. Theoretical model For a projectile traveling through a target, the charge fraction distribution is usually calculated as, (1)
where F q is the projectile fraction with charge state q and the α are the ionization and recombination rates [1].
On the other hand, the instantaneous charge state can be also estimated by a simple analytic equiation: (2)
where x is the plasma length, Q eq
is the equilibrium charge state and Q 0 is the initial charge state. λ ion is
the ionization length estimated from [2]. The energy loss of the projectile is estimated in the RPA approximation as described in [3].
Fig.1: Instantaneous charge state of U ions in a H plasma. Fig. 2: Energy loss of U ions in a H plasma as a function of plasma density for several initial charge states.
[1]
43, 2015 (1991). [2]
R. Morales and M.D. Barriga-Carrasco (sent to Phys. Plasmas, accepted). [3]
M.D. Barriga-Carrasco, D. Casas and R. Morales, Phys. Rev. E 93, 033204 (2016). 4 315 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Experimental study of microwave plasma breakdown in microstrip devices for power limiting applications
A. Simon 1 , R. Pascaud 1 , T. Callegari 2 , L. Liard 2 , O. Pascal 2
P 1 ISAE-SUPAERO, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France P
Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT, CNRS; LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’Energie); 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
This poster presents microstrip devices including self-power-limiting capability thanks to plasma microdischarge. A classic DC microhollow cathode discharge is therefore ignited under the ground plane of the microstrip device. When the microwave power reaches a tunable threshold, the plasma expands to the upper part of the microstrip circuit, which causes a major change in its behaviour. The upper part of the plasma is then controlled both by microwave and DC power. Different microstrip devices are experimentally characterized with their microwave parameters to get insight on the role of the electromagnetic field on the plasma extension. All exhibits the self- power-limiting capability, at different levels depending on the intensity of the microwave electromagnetic field at the plasma location.
1. Plasma as microwave protection element Plasmas have been used for power protection in high frequency communications for a long time, for example in T/R tubes [1]. The recent explosion of microwave communication devices of smaller power range has triggered a need for protection on microstrip devices. Plasma presents two main advantages in this purpose: it handles a microwave power higher than any other existing solution (diode, varicap, MEM…) and insertion losses on the device can remain extremely low.
Fig 1: The "off" (a) and "on" (b) state of the microstrip device with self-power-limiting capabilities
The ignition of a Micro Hollow Cathode Discharge (MHCD) with a typical breakdown of 300 V under the ground plane (Figure 1a) allows the generation of plasma above the microstrip line at very low power threshold, typically 1 Watt (Figure 1b) [2].
In this poster, we present an experimental work that aim at evaluating the characteristics of the plasma generated on the upper part by microwave power. Each microstrip device is inserted in a vacuum chamber. Pressure in argon varies from 1 to 100 Torr. The plasma is ignited in a cylindrical aperture whose diameter depends on the pressure work. Different microstrip circuits are characterized with S parameters and power balance to understand the role of the electromagnetic field on the plasma formation and stability. Self-power-limiting capability is demonstrated, and the trigger level can be controlled. Depending on the circuit design, plasma effect of the microwave power can be either absorptive or reflective.
[1] A. Kraszewski, “Microwave Gas Discharge Devices”, lliffe Books Ltd. (1967). [2] R. Pascaud et al., Electronics Letters, vol. 51, no. 14, pp. 1090-1092, (2015).
Topic 9 b)
Metallic microstrip Plasma Microdischarge Dielectric layer Cathode Metallic Ground plane/ Anode Dielectric layer High power microwave signal a)
Metallic microstrip Plasma Microdischarge Dielectric layer Cathode
Metallic Ground plane/ Anode Dielectric layer Low power microwave signal 316
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Influence of target on electric field in kHz-driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet in Helium
A. Sobota 1 , V. V. Kovačević 2 , G. B. Sretenović 2 , I. B. Krstić 2 , B. M. Obradović 2 , M. M.
Kuraica 2 , E. Slikboer 3 , O. Guaitella 3
1 Eindhoven University of Technology, EPG, Postbus 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physics, PO Box 44, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia 3 LPP, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France *Contact e-mail: ana.sobota@tue.nl
The understanding of the dynamic of impingement of atmospheric pressure plasma jet is the key for their use in many applications. The electric field strength has been measured above and onto different surfaces, dielectric, metallic or liquid, by means of Stark polarization spectroscopy. In the case of dielectric surfaces, the electric field strength values are compared with measurements based on Pockels effect obtained with an imaging polarimeter.
The term “atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJ)” represents many diverse plasma sources having usually in common to be operated with a flow of noble gas inside a small diameter tube. They have been the focus of many studies because of their potential interest in biomedical applications and surface treatment technologies. For all these applications, it is always crucial to understand and control the interaction of the APPJ with a target which can be dielectric or conductive, solid or liquid. The surface exposed to an APPJ can be physically and/or chemically modified by the plasma, but the target can also influence the discharge development. A key parameter to study the properties of APPJ in contact with targets is the electric field induced by the plasma above and onto various surfaces. In this study, electric field in helium plasma jet impacting dielectric, metallic or liquid surfaces is measured by means of Stark polarization spectroscopy as described in [1]. The results on dielectric surfaces are compared with surface electric field strength measurement based on Pockels effect obtained with an imaging polarimeter described in [2]. The influence of gas mixing between helium and surrounding atmosphere is also monitored with Schlieren imaging.
The jet source used for this work has been described in [1,2]. The powered electrode is a needle metal tube (inner diameter of 0.8 mm) centered inside a Pyrex capillary (inner diameter 2.5 mm, outer diameter 4 mm). A metal ring (3 mm long) on the outer side of the capillary is used as the grounded electrode. The gap between the two electrodes was 5 mm, while the distance from the grounded electrode to the end of capillary was 20 mm for the entire study. Helium flow through the capillary is regulated using mass flow controller in range of 700-2000 SCCM. The jet is powered by sine voltage at 30 kHz, 2 kV in amplitude. The jet source was most of the time vertical above a target. The targets used were glass disks, grounded disks, or distilled water reservoir.
We had already measured that electric field strength in the plume of this APPJ is increasing with distance from the capillary tip because of gas mixing with air and constriction of the plume [1]. At a given distance from the tip of the capillary, the field strength at the impact on a target is significantly higher than without surfaces. It is shown that enhancement of field due to the surface happens only on a very thin layer above the surface. Very high values of electric field (up to 40 kV/cm) can be obtained on surfaces. The gas flow dynamics above the surface is also strongly modified by the plasma. 3. Acknowledgments AS would like to thank the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action COST TD1208 for financial support for a short-term scientific mission 4. References [1] A. Sobota et al (2016) Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 25 (6), 065026. [2] E. Slikboer et al, contribution to ICPIG 2017
Topic number 10 317 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
O 2 dissociation in plasma and problem of O 2 cross sections set
J.P. Booth 1 , O. Guaitella 1 , A. Chatterjee 1 , S. Zyryanov 2 , D. Lopaev 2 , D. Voloshin 2 and T.
Rakhimova 2
1 Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ Paris-Sud 2 Skobeltsyn Institure of Nulcear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
DC glow discharges in pure O 2 in a Pyrex tube were studied to determine dissociation rate constant over a wide range of E/N and thereby to probe O 2 dissociation cross section close to threshold. Electric field, E, was found from probe measurements while the gas density, N, from the gas temperature derived from the O 2 (b
g + ) O 2 (X 3 g - ) emission spectrum. O atom density (as well ratio O/N ratio) was measured by HR TALIF while O/N ratio was also determined by Ar actinometry. Time-resolved actinometry of partially-modulated discharges was used to probe the O loss rate. The O 2 dissociation rate constant was determined as a function of E/N, and compared to calculations from different O 2 cross section sets. This comparison allowed validation of a the self-consistent cross section set for O 2 . 1. Introduction Chemical activity of oxygen plasma is mainly provided by odd oxygen (O atoms and ozone). O 2
dissociation by electron impact is the main channel of O atoms production, therefore the O 2 dissociation cross section, together with electron energy distribution function define the chemical efficiency of oxygen plasmas. Nevertheless, the cross-section for electron impact dissociation of molecular oxygen is the subject of active debate, especially near threshold. The available experimental cross sections near the threshold predict a much lower dissociation rate than that observed. Furthermore, O 2 dissociation is an important electron energy loss channel, influencing electron transport. Cross section sets consistent with observed transport coefficients require
an unrealistically high value of the O 2 dissociation cross section. This motivated a study of the dissociation rate
constant to
validate the
near-threshold dissociation cross section and, indirectly, the self- consistent cross sections set for O 2 . 2. Experiment Time-resolved absolute density measurements are needed to probe O atoms kinetics. The measurements were carried out in DC glow discharge in pure O 2 ,
diameter and ~50 cm length. The discharge current was controlled by a large (68k ) ballast resistor, and could be modulated (5-15%) by shunting a smaller resistor installed between the discharge and ground. The electric field was
found from
probe measurements, and the gas density was calculated using the gas temperature deduced from the O 2 (b 1 g + ) O 2 (X 3 g - ) emission spectrum. The O atom density and O/N ratio was measured by the HR TALIF method while the O/N ratio was also determined from actinometry using
Ar atoms.
Time-resolved actinometry in partially-modulated discharges was used to probe the loss rate of O atoms. The O
2 dissociation rate constant as a function of E/N, calculated from the balance between O loss and production rates is shown in figure 1. This research was conducted in the scope of the KaPPA International Associated Laboratory (LIA), performed within the LABEX Plas@par project, and received financial state aid managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, as part of the programme "Investissements d'avenir" under the reference ANR- 11-IDEX-0004-02. It was also supported by the Applied Materials University Research Partnership Program. Russian team was also supported by RFBR grant 16-52-16024. 40 60
100 120 140 10 -10 10 -9 10 -8 new set K O2 dis (cm
3 /s)
E/N (Td) Phelps set F igure 1. O 2 dissociation rate constant as a function of the reduced electric field E/N.
Topic 1 318 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Micro-glass capillary focusing of plasma ion beams and creation of microstructures
Sanjeev Kumar Maurya and Sudeep Bhattacharjee Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology - Kanpur, Kanpur 208016
Intense microwave plasmas have been used as an ion source for applications in microstructuring. Microstructures having aspect ratio in the range 100 - 1000 have been created using 26 keV Ar, Kr and Ne ion beams with beam size ~ 1.5 µm. To prevent loss of beam current and further focus the beam, micro-glass capillary will be employed after the plasma electrode, from where the beams are extracted. Ion beam current and beam spot size, will be measured as a function of extraction voltage for different capillary outlet diameters. The capillary which provides the smallest beam spot size, will be implemented in the system. Further, different structures will be created using Ar, Kr, and Ne ion beams.
Ion beam is a necessary tool in science and technology and can be used in many applications such as milling, patterning, high resolution imaging and implantation. Many emerging applications require rapid processing and non-toxic inert gaseous ion beams. In order to serve above applications, there are efforts to develop gaseous plasmas ion beam tools which can be non-toxic and therefore suitable for biomaterials and semiconductors, and provide an option for rapid processing without metallic contamination due to higher currents. To address these requirements, a microwave plasma based multi-element ion beam system has been developed in our laboratory which can deliver ions of a variety of gaseous elements (Ar, Kr, Ne) of beam size ~ 1.5 µm, beam currents in the range ~ 1.5 nA – 10 µA and beam energy up to 30 keV [ 1 ]. 2. Experimental Setup The experimental setup consists of three major parts namely, plasma column, beam column and experimental chamber.
window, GC: guiding cylinder, GI: gas inlet, MC: multicusp, TMP: turbo molecular pump, EL: Einzel Lens system, BL: beam limiter, FC: Faraday cup, GV: gate valve, V
, V S , V 2 : high voltages, A: ammeter
(~10 11 cm -3 ) is created with the help of 2.45 GHz microwave and confined in an octupole multicusp. Beam column consists of plasma electrode (PLE), Einzel lens (EL) and beam limiter (BL) which are used to extract and focus the ion beams. EL 1 , EL
2
and BL electrodes are biased to negative high voltages V 1 (~ –2 kV), V 2 (= 18–30 kV) and V S (=
2/3 V 2 ) respectively to provide the desired acceleration and adequate focusing to the beam. A copper (Cu) thin film (50 nm) biased to V 2 is
mounted on the XYZθ stage manipulator for moving the sample in the desired direction with required writing speed. For measuring the ion beam current, a Faraday cup is used after EL 2 . Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling