On phenomena in ionized gases
Nitrogen-containing plasma polymer nanoparticles produced by means of
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- Fig. 1.
- 99,5% Ar 0,5% N 2
- Quantification of free radicals species generates by He cold atmospheric plasma jet in different liquid media
- 3. References
- Rotational, vibrational and electronic temperatures of pulsed corona discharge at atmospheric pressure in humid air
- 2. Effect of operating parameters on the rotational and vibrational temperatures
- Distributed microwave plasma sources: coupling modes and operation at high pressure for large area deposition
- 3. Plasma extension at high pressure
Nitrogen-containing plasma polymer nanoparticles produced by means of a gas aggregation cluster source
A. Shelemin
PP , A. Choukourov P , D. Nikitin PP , P. Pleskunov, D. Slavinska, H. Biederman PP
1 Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, V Holesovickach 2, 18000, Prague, Czech Republic Nitrogen-containing plasma polymer particles were prepared by means of a gas aggregation cluster source with special attention paid to finding the correlation between the plasma composition and the properties of the particles. It has been shown that the stability and reproducibility of the deposition rate of the particles are significantly dependent on the pressure in an aggregation chamber. On the other hand, the chemical composition of the particles, particularly the nitrogen concentration, can be tuned by the amount of N 2 in the working gas mixture. 1. Introduction Generation of polymer particles with tuneable size distribution and chemical composition is of high scientific interest. Low-temperature plasma is known to be capable of production particles in the gas phase via plasma polymerization processes. Recent years witnessed the successful application of Gas Aggregation cluster Sources (GAS) for the production of C:H, C:H:N:O, C:F and C:H:Si:O particles. Little is known however about the processes that occur in the plasma during the particle formation. The main aim of this work was to develop a GAS that allows the in-situ diagnostics of the plasma chemistry within the aggregation zone.
2. Experimental The GAS was based on a 3-inch RF magnetron with a 3-mm thick nylon 6.6 target. The aggregation zone was created by attaching a conical lid with an orifice (2 mm) 10 cm opposite to the magnetron. The GAS was constructed to allow moving the entire assembly of the magnetron and the orifice with respect to the static diagnostic ports while maintaining the length of the aggregation zone unchanged ( Fig.
1 ).
OES and Langmuir probes were connected to the diagnostic port to monitor the plasma parameters in dependence on the distance from the magnetron. Ar or different Ar/N 2 mixtures were used as working gases. The magnetron power was varied from 20 to 80 W. 3. Results The deposition parameters were found to produce the particles with the size ranging from 220 nm to 300 nm. The addition of nitrogen into the GAS enhanced the emission from the nitrogen-containing species (Fig. 2) which was accompanied by an increase of the nitrogen content in resultant particles. 250 300
350 400
250 300
350 400
OH
Wavelength, nm 100% Ar OH CO
NH N 2 NO CN OH
Wavelength, nm OH CO NH
2 NO CN 99,5% Ar 0,5% N 2
with the addition of 0.5 % of N 2 (right). The ratio between the emission intensity of different species was found to be stable along the axial distance from the magnetron which may point at the longitudinal invariability of the
plasma polymerization processes. Langmuir probe measurements showed a decrease of the electron concentration when particles appeared in the gas phase.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the grant GACR 13- 09853S from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic. 14 310
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Quantification of free radicals species generates by He cold atmospheric plasma jet in different liquid media
J.Chauvin 1,2 P , U F.Judée
1 P , M.Yousfi 1 , P.Vicendo P 2
P 1 P
P 1 P
P
P
IMRCP, CNRS, Toulouse, France
Short and long live Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (ROS and RNS) can be generated through the interaction of plasma with liquids. [1] In the present work, free radicals generated by Helium plasma jet in water and biological media (whit and without Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)) were quantified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), fluorometric and colorimetric analysis. Results clearly show the formation of ROS such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and singlet oxygen. The major species produced by our Helium plasma jet were identified as nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitrite-nitrate.
Plasma Activated Medium (PAM) has shown interest in recent years in cancer treatment and present minimal toxicity for normal tissues [2]. Stored at the right temperature, PAM remains stable several days after their preparation [3]. The observed cytotoxicity effect of PAM is due to the presence of long lifetime ROS and RNS and oxidized biological compounds in PAM.
In the present work the identification of aqueous
species formed
in PAM
and quantitative investigations of ROS, RNS were performed and compared in the case of Milli- Q® water and culture media without and with FCS. EPR, fluorometric and colorimetric analysis were used to identify and quantify free radicals generated by helium plasma jet.
Using DMPO as a spin trap for hydroxyl radical, liquids were exposed to plasma for different time (Fig 1).
Fig 1. DMPO-OH concentration in water, DMEM+/- 10% FCS as a function of helium plasma jet exposure time. Results showed that OH is produced in larger concentration in water than in biological culture media. This can be explained by the oxidizing presence of biomolecules like amino acids, vitamins and proteins. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) concentrations in PAM were quantified using a fluorometric Hydrogen Peroxidase Assay kit (Sigma–Aldrich Co., Ltd). In contrast to OH radical H 2 O 2
concentration increase linearly but does not depend on the media (Fig 2).
Fig 2. Variation of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in media as a function of He plasma jet time exposition.
This result indicates that hydrogen peroxide is produced in the plasma jet and transferred in liquids.
[1] Sun P. et al, Appl Phys Lett, 98, (2011) 021501
[2] Judée F. et al. Plasma Med. 6, (2016) 15823 [3] Judée, F. et al. Sci. Rep. 6, (2016) 21421
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311 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Electron trapping in ultra-cold plasma cloud
R. Ayllon P 1 P , U H. Tercas UP 1 P , J.T. Mendonca P 1 P
P 1 P Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
In the present work, we have dedicated the study of trapping electrons in a cloud of ultra-cold plasma using molecular dynamic simulation. The simple case was studied using only a Coulomb potential as source of interaction. The forces have been calculated using a hierarchical tree code that allows the increase in velocity of computation compared to conventional methods in molecular dynamics. In this case, we have performed the simulations after the ionization of the cloud of cold atoms since we are interested only to the expansion of the particles. During the expansion, we have observed the effect of trapping, and the quasi equilibrium of the particles like the Thomas-Fermi quasi-equilibrium found in the literature.
1. Introduction Ultra-cold neutral plasmas have become an attractive topic of study in the recent years. They are produced by photo-ionizing laser-cooled cloud of atoms near the ionization threshold [1, 2]. In these systems, the temperature of the electrons can vary in the range of 1K to 1000K, while the ion temperature can be around 100K to 1K [3]. The evolution of an ultra-cold neutral plasma can be divided into three different stages. The first stage is characterized by the equilibration of the electrons. The second stage is the equilibration of the ions. The last stage is the expansion of the plasma. During the expansion of the plasma, free electrons scape from the cloud creating an imbalance of charge due to excess of ions that create a small electric field that trap the remaining electrons. In the present contribution, we tried to show using molecular dynamics simulations, that the effect of electron trapping in an ultra-cold neutral plasma, lead to a model like the known Thomas- Fermi model for heavy atomic systems [4]. 2. Numerical Method In this work, we have used classical molecular dynamics to simulate the dynamics of the ultra-cold plasma after ionization. The Coulomb force in this simulation is calculated using the interaction between the particles using the hierarchical tree method. This method increases the velocity of the simulation and scales as N log(N). Allowing us to increase the number of particles compared to the classical method of pair-wise the interaction. A reduced ion-electron mass ratio m i /m e =100 is applied to reduce the time cost of the simulation, and we have used 50000 electrons and 50000 ions as the number of particle to simulate. We set the initial density with a Gaussian profile, which is common found in experiments. The positions of all particles are initialized randomly. The velocities are defined randomly with Gaussian distribution, in sense the initial temperature of the electrons is T e (0) = 10K and the initial temperature of the ions is T i (0) = 0K. Figure 1. The results of the simulation that computes the number of particles in a radial distribution. Insight figure shows the initial distribution of the particles. The main figure, shows the evolution and the trapping of the electrons after 20 -1pe .
3. References [1] T. C. Killian, S. Kullin, S. D. Bergson, L. A. Orozco, C. Orsel, S. L. Rolston, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 4776
[2] P. M. Robinson, B. L. Tolra, M. W. Noel, T. F. Gallagher, P. Pillet, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 4466
[3] T. C. Killian, T. Pattard, T. Pohl, J. M. Rost, Phys. Rep. 449 (2007) 77 [4] J.T Mendonça, H. Terças, Physics of Ultra- Cold Matter, Springer (2013)
312 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
H. Guedah 1 , A. Abahazem 1 , N. Merbahi 2 and M. Yousfi 2
1 Laboratory Materials and Renewable Energies, Physics Department, Cité Dakhla BP 8106, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco 2 LAPLACE UMR 5213-CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, Bât. 3R2, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, Paul Sabatier University, France This work is devoted to the studies of pulsed corona discharge in point-to-plane geometry in air humid at atmospheric pressure by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). In the first time the rotational, vibrational and electronic temperatures are studies as a function of several parameters (applied voltage, frequency and rate hygrometry) near the anodic tip. In the second time we fixed applied voltage at 6.4Kv, frequency at 10kHz and rate hygrometry at 100%, then studies the spatial variation along the z axis (from the tip to the cathode plate) of electronic temperature (with a step of 2 mm for point to plane), the objective is to determine the variation of the electronic temperature in the interelectrode space along the discharge. The electronic temperature decrease versus the inter-electrode distance from the tip to the cathode plate. This result is coherent with electron energy in the case of streamer corona discharges in the region close the high voltage tip.
Determination of rotational and vibrational temperatures A free code of LIFbase was used to generate the synthetic spectrum of first negative system N + 2 and OH [1], which are respectively shows in Figure 1
and Figure 2. The simulated spectra were calculated to minimize the sum of square error between the measured and the calculated spectra by choosing the best fit for the vibrational and rotational temperatures [2]. The vibrational temperature has been determined from N + 2 (FNS) for (0, 0) and (1, 1) head bands spectra at 391.4 nm and 388.4 nm respectively [3,4]. The rotational temperature has been determined from OH (0, 0) head bands spectra at 309 nm [5].
+ 2 (B- X), vibrational temperature T vib
=860K, Va = 6.4kV, f = 10kHz and rate hygrometry of 100%. 2. Effect of operating parameters on the rotational and vibrational temperatures Based on the above method, the effect of applied voltage, frequency and rate hygrometry on the rotational and vibrational temperatures is studied in this work. As results, the rotational and vibrational temperatures increase versus the applied voltage and rate hygrometry, but the influence of frequency is negligible.
Figure 2. Measured and synthetic spectrum of OH (A- X), rotational temperature T rot
= 820K with Va = 6.4kV, f = 10kHz and rate hygrometry of 100%. 3. References [1] J. Luque and D. R. Crosley, SRI International Report MP, (1999) 99-009. [2] A. Zerrouki, H. Motomura, Y. Ikeda, M. Jinno and M. Yousfi, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 58 (2016) 075006 [3] A. Ricard Reactive Plasmas, (1996) 97–102 [4] N. Britun, M. Gaillard, A. Ricard, Y. M. Kim, K. S. Kim,and J. G. Han, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 (2007) 1022–1029. [5] Y. Nakagawa, R. Ono and T. Oda, J. Appl. Phys. 110 (2011) 073304.
313 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Distributed microwave plasma sources: coupling modes and operation at high pressure for large area deposition
A. Martín Ortega P , A. Bès, S. Béchu, A. Lacoste PP
P
The 2D and 3D distribution of a set of elementary plasma sources enables its use in large area deposition and etching processes. Existing sources, working at 2.45 GHz, provide uniform plasma conditions at low and very low pressures (up to a few Torr). A new challenge is to extend the uniformity of the plasma at higher pressures, where the diffusion is limited by the scaling laws. We will describe the transition between inductive and capacitive coupling modes as a function of frequency (2.45 GHz, 915 MHZ and 352 MHz), gas pressure, source geometry and input power. The understanding of the transition should allow the efficient design of new sources operating at high gas pressure. Interest in this technology will be pointed out through some examples of applications.
The distribution of individual microwave (MW) plasma sources on a 2D or 3D network allows for the scaling-up of high density plasma processes in the low and very low (few Torr down to mTorr) pressure range [1]. The typical configuration consists on a coaxial applicator which also provides the impedance coupling, ended in a permanent magnet which facilitates the sustainability of the discharge [2]. While this technology has been long studied for low pressures, where fairly uniform and extended plasma can be obtained, its use at higher pressure remains a challenge. Indeed, an increase in pressure will not only reduce the plasma extension according to the scaling laws, but will also change the absorption mode of the electromagnetic wave by the plasma. Most of the existing MW plasma sources operate with generators of 2.45 GHz of frequency. The use of new sources operating at lower frequencies, such as 915 MHz and 352 MHz, might enable the use of the distributed plasma sources at higher ranges of pressure.
A transition between capacitive and inductive coupling modes can be found when operating the plasma sources at 2.45 GHz as a function of the pressure and absorbed power [2]. This transition occurs at high input power when operating at low (mTorr) gas pressure, with the transition power threshold being greatly reduced at higher pressures. The transition was also found when operating the source at 915 MHz but not at 352 MHz. At lower pressures (mTorr), the transition usually appears together with a change in the spatial distribution of the plasma. At higher pressures (Torr) no sudden change in the spatial distribution for the two different coupling modes is observed. A possible explanation of the transition based on the comparison between the skin depth and the dimensions of the plasma will be investigated. The larger skin depth of MW at 352 MHz would explain the absence of the inductive coupling mode found at 2.45 GHz. The transition will also be explored at 915 MHz.
The extension of the plasma depends on two factors: the plasma diffusion and the power absorption region. While at lower pressures the diffusion is large enough to ensure an extended plasma, at higher pressures the power absorption is localized close to the microwave injection plane, where the critical density is reached. The decrease of the MW frequency from 2.45 GHz to 915 MHz increases the size of the absorption region by increasing the skin depth. The plasma extension could be further increased by using MW at 352 MHz, but the use of this frequency might be prevented by the absence of the more efficient inductive mode.
In addition, the microwaves may propagate along the surface of the applicator and chamber walls, increasing the lateral extension of the plasma.
[1] A. Lacoste, T. Lagarde, S. Bechu, Y.Arnal and J. Pelletier, P. Sources Sci. and Tech. 11 (2002) 407.
[2] Baele, S. Bechu, A. Bes, J. Pelletier and A. Lacoste: P. Sources Sci. and Tech. 23 (2014) 064006. 6-9-14
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