On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 2. Experiment and discussion
- 3. References
- Visualization of particulates distribution from electrode erosion
- Simulation on the characteristic of plasma evolution in three electrode gas spark gaps
- Plasma-Laser Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Coatings
+SiF 4 , H 2 +GeF 4 and H 2 +BF 3 mixtures
R. Kornev 1 , P. Sennikov 1 , А. Abramov 1 , S. Sintsov 2 , А. Vodopyanov 2
1 G.G. Devyatykh Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances of RAS, Nizhny Novgorof, Russia 2 Institute of Applied Physics of RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
The dependencies of concentration of electrons in chemically active plasma of H 2 +A mixtures (where A - SiF 4 , GeF 4 . BF
3 ) on H2/A ratios as well as their emission spectra were investigated in RF capacitive-coupled discharge at a pressure of 1 torr. It was found that with the increase in concentration of fluorides in hydrogen mixture the concentration of electrons decreases; mostly it is observed for А=GeF 4 according to its high electron affinity value. SiF, GeF and GeН radicals as well as atomic hydrogen were registered in emission spectra. The line of ВF radical is absent.
Determination of
internal parameters of chemically active plasma on the basis of volatile fluorides and, in particular, the concentration of free electrons is an actual task due to sufficiently broad practical application of these substances in plasma chemical technologies. For this purpose it is expedient to use the non-contact methods of MW interferometry and emission spectrosopy. At the same time the plasma should be maintained by the discharge of the same type. In this work this approach was used for investigation of chemically active plasma of H 2 +SiF
4 , H
2 +GeF
4 and H
2 +BF
3
mixtures sustained by RF capacitive discharge. 2. Experiment and discussion Investigations were conducted in RF capacitive- coupled discharge with frequency of 13.56 MHz at a pressure of 1 torr and power of 500 Wt delivered to discharge. Н 2 /SiF 4 (GeF
4 , ВF
3 ) ratio changed from 8 to 36. A generator, tuned to the frequency of 35.7 GHz, was used as the source of probing radiation of MW interferometer. The level of power of reference and probing signals was equal to 65 MWt. The emission spectrum of chemically active plasma was investigated in the range of 350 ÷ 800 nm using HR4000CJ-UV-NIR emission spectrometer. It was found that under the realized experimental conditions the concentration of free electrons of plasma in pure hydrogen plasma was equal to n e =
(1.5±0.04)·10 12 cm -3 . While adding the fluorides to hydrogen plasma its decrease is observed which depends on the ratio of mixture components. The lowest value of n e takes place for H 2 +GeF
4 mixture where it is equal to (9.8 ±0.04)·10 11 cm -3 at the ratio of H 2
4 = 13.5. With this ratio the values of n e in
H 2 +SiF 4 and H
2 +BF
3 mixtures negligeably differ from each other and are equal to (1.1 ±0.04)·10 12
cm -3 and (1.2 ± 0.04)·10 12 cm
-3 , respectively. The emission spectra in the same range of reagent ratios were registered for the studied mixtures. Apart from the lines of atomic hydrogen, the lines assigned to SiF, GeF and GeН radicals were found in the emission spectra of H 2 +SiF 4 and H
2 +GeF
4 mixtures. At the same time the line of BF radical was not observed in the spectrum of H 2 +BF
3 mixture. The process of dissociative attachment of electrons is the main channel of energy transmission from electrons into chemical system [1]. Electron affinity is the main molecular parameter characterizing this process. According to quantum-chemical calculations for GeF 4 , the adiabatic electron affinity ЕА = 1.46 eV [2] and for SiF 4 and BF 3 the value of ЕА is negative [3, 4] which indicates the absence of "attachement" of electron to these molecules within the framework of the used basis set. Our results conclusively indicate high ability of GeF 4 molecule to attach the electron. This ability is noticeably lower for the molecules of two other fluorides. Should we assume that after the process of electron attachment the dissociation of molecules follows with formation of corresponding radicals, the fact of absence of the line of BF radical in the spectrum of H 2
3 mixture can indicate that the "attachment" of electron to BF 3 is less manifested than in the case with attachement to SiF 4 . 3. References [1] H.Massey. Negative Ions. Cambridge University Press. 1976. [2] Q.Li, G.Li, W.Xu, Y.Xie, H.F.Schaefer. J.Chem.Phys. 111 (1999) 7945. [3] R.A.King, V.S.Mastryukov, H.F.Schaefer III. J.Chem.Phys. 105 (1996) 6880. [4] D.J.Grant, D.A.Dixon, D.Camaioni, R.G.Potter, K.O.Christie. Inorg.Chem. 48 (2009) 8811. 6 382 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Dielectric Properties of Magnetron Sputtered PTFE Thin Films
V. Satulu, V. Ion, B. Mitu*, G. Dinescu P 1 P National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, Magurele- Bucharest, 077125, Romania P * mitub@infim.ro P
RF magnetron sputtering was involved for synthesis of polytetrafluorethylene thin films. The process was investigated for various RF applied powers and deposition time. The chemical bonds evidence the typical IR absorption bands for PTFE material, with a tendency towards cross linking due to polymerization of volatile fragments sputtered from the polymeric target. The results show the obtainment of smooth films, without cracks, with dielectric constant similar to that of bulk material and very low values of the dielectric losses over a wide frequency range. Such results indicate that the films can be successfully used in electronic devices.
Fluorinated polymers have found a broad range of applications as thin films, from hydrophobic and super-slippery surfaces to protective coatings or active layer in sensors. In the present contribution, results on
magnetron sputtering of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) are presented aiming their use for application in electronic devices.
2. Experimental details Deposition of thin films was performed by RF magnetron sputtering of a PTFE polymeric target at power level in the range 50 – 110 W, on a working pressure of 6x10 -3 mbar, established under an Ar flow of 100 sccm. The magnetron sputtering source is mounted at 45 degrees in respect to the substrate holder plane and positioned at 6 cm distance from it [1]. Deposition uniformity is insured by rotating the substrate holder at a constant speed of 100 rpm. The deposition rate was obtained by profilometry measurements for samples obtained upon 10 – 30 minutes exposure. The dielectric function of PTFE deposited on Pt/Silicon substrates was determined in two frequency regime: in the low frequency range (1KHz - 5 MHz) by dielectric spectroscopy and in the optical range (UV-VIS-Near IR) by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Surface topography was investigated by means of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) on areas of 5x5 m 2 , while the chemical bonds were revealed by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy.
3. Results and conclusions The deposition process is depending on the applied power onto the magnetron sputtering source, with the deposition rate increasing from 1 nm/min at 50W to almost 7 nm/min at 110 W. The value of dielectric permittivity was calculated in the plane capacitor approximation and was found to be ε r ~2.8, slightly higher than the expected values. A slight decrease of the dielectric constant is encountered on the entire spectral measured range. The electrical losses are small and had values below 7.5*10 -3 . In the optical range (300- 1700 nm), the refractive index was n~1.44-1.4, with extinction coefficients k below 10 -4 .
thin films in electronics is a uniform and crack-free surface. The AFM measurements confirm that the obtained deposited films are extremely smooth, regardless the RF power used for deposition, with typical roughness RMS values below 1 nm for film thickness around 200 nm. The investigation of chemical bonding reveal the typical IR absorptions of PTFE, with bands at 978 cm -1 associated to CF 3
and those at 1182 cm -1 and 1227 cm -1 related to CF 2
vibrations. Nevertheless, the band at 1715 cm -1
assigned to C=CF 2 or CF=CF 2 bonds point out toward the crosslinking structure obtained upon target sputtering. These results are encouraging for utilization of PTFE thin films in various devices, as example as active layers in SAW based sensors.
Acknowledgements This work has been financed by the Ministry of Research and Innovation in the frame of Nucleus programme - contract 4N/2016.
4. References [1] V. Satulu, M.D. Ionita, S. Vizireanu, B. Mitu, G. Dinescu, Molecules, 21(12), 2016, 1711.
383
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Visualization of particulates distribution from electrode erosion Wei Zhong, Yunlong Liu, Ao Xu, Lei Chen Institute of Electronic Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China Particulates generated from electrode erosion in gas spark gap is inevitable and may initiate self-breakdown behavior with high risk. Traditionally, this problem is addressed by empirical method qualitatively. To push this old problem forward, this paper conducts laser confocal microscopy measurement of eroded surface and a statistical method is introduced to obtain visualized distribution of particulates from electrode erosion after different shots. This method allows dense particulates to be classified with their heights in z direction and scattered figures of particulates within certain height range are obtained. Results indicate that the higher-than-10μm particulates start to emerge after 200 discharge shots and particulates number has a waved radial distribution with 0.5mm-wide deposition zone. Based on these quantitative results, the risk of reignition and field-distortion failure that are triggered by particulates can be assessed.
Particulates is generated from electrode erosion inevitably, when electrode surface is bombarded by ~kA current. These splashing particulates could lead to local field enhancement and degradation of reliability, and even gap failure [1-2], which acts as a key restrictive factor in pulsed power field. Insepov and Norem [3] indicate that particulates are produced when the plasma pressure splatters liquid droplets away from the molten surface. Traditionally, these eroded features are addressed by empirical methods (SEM etc.) and their horizontal size r could be gained [4]. However, as reported by [5], the field enhancement factor β is function of h/r and information of height h is rarely reported. This paper performs a statistical analysis of particulates’ height and obtains their quantitative distribution from electrode erosion of gas spark gap. 2. Analysis results Experimental details are described in [6]. Fig. 1(a) gives confocal image of cathode surface after 1000 shots, which is densely covered with particles. Based on statistical analysis, radial distribution of particles number is obtained in Fig. 1(b), which would contribute to tracing where and how the interaction between arc and electrodes occurs. (a) (b)
Fig. 1 (a) electrode surface after 1000 shots; (b) radial distribution of particulates number Dense particulates on the electrode surface are layered according to their height range with statistical method in [6]. Spatial distribution of particulates are reconstructed and shown in Fig. 2. Particulates are concentrated at the inner edge and 0.5mm-wide deposition zone at r=[2.35, 2.85]mm. These results would throw new light into design of gap reliability. 0 shots
200shots 600 shots 1000shots Fig. 2 Reconstructed distribution of particulates 3. References [1] X. Li, X. Liu, X. Guo, F. Zeng, Q. Zhang. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
[2] J.M. Koutsoubis, S.J. MacGregor. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
[3] Z. Insepov, J. Norem. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 31 (2013) 11302. [4] W. Zhong, Y. Liu, A. Xu, S. Shang, D. Jin. 27 th Int. Symp. on Dis. and Electri. Insul. in Vac.(2016) [5] R.G. Forbes, C.J. Edgcombe, U. Valdre. Ultramicroscopy. 95 (2003) 57. [6] W. Zhong, Y. Liu, L. Wang, D. Jin, X. Tan. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
18 384 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Simulation on the characteristic of plasma evolution in three electrode gas spark gaps Ao Xu, Lin Yang, Wei Zhong, Yulong Liu, Dazhi Jin, Lei Chen P
P The performance of three electrode gas spark gaps is directly effected by the characteristic of plasma evolution while gaps are operating. However, it is difficultly to obtain all the plasma parameters only by experiments. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristic of plasma evolution in three electrode gas spark gaps with the help of simulation tools. This paper presents a sequence of images of plasma evolution in three electrode gas spark gap obtained by high speed camera. Then, the simulation results of this experimental geometry are present with the help of a 2D PIC-DSMC code. According to compare results between the experiment and the simulation, it could confirm the validity of the code. Finally, the temporal and spatial density distribution of electrons, ions and neutral particles are cognized, and the temperatures of particles in plasma channel are obtained. It would be helpful to further understand three electrode gas spark gaps.
Experimental setup is shown in Fig.1, that the electrodes of the three electrode gas spark gap are placed in a vacuum system filled with nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. And the camera consists of four intensified charge-coupled device cameras using the same optical axis by means of an internal beam splitter. Then the cathode is grounded, while the anode before switching is at a constant positive voltage of 2kV. The gas spark gap is triggered by applying a 1kV negative (with respect to the cathode) voltage pulse to trigger electrode. Fig.1 Experimental setup Fig.2 Sequence images of plasma evolution Fig.2 gives a sequence of images in three electrode gas spark gap, starting abrupt change of trigger pulse. As found in the experiment, the trigger process includes two steps. First, breakdown was initiated between the trigger electrode and the cathode. Second, a streamer was launched from the trigger electrode toward the anode.
According to the geometry and the voltage of the three electrode gas spark gap in above experiment, a simulation model was established with the help of a 2D axial symmetrical PIC-DSMC code. Then, the mechanisms describing the particles in the gap plasma were as follows: electrons are emitted from trigger electrode according to Fowler-Nodheim filed emission. The electrons move to the gap undergoes various kinds of collisions and produce ions. Moreover, ions and electrons can cause the emission of electrons at all the electrodes. Fig.3 Simulation results of electrons distribution evolution Fig.3 shows the 2D PIC-DSMC simulation results of the plasma evolution in the three electrode gas spark gap used in above experiment. It is found that the results between the experiment and the simulations are identical. Moreover, detailed change of plasma parameters also can be obtained with the help of PIC-DSMC simulation. 3. Conclusion With the help of simulation tools, it is possible to obtain the detailed characteristics of plasma evolution in three electrode gas spark gaps. It would be helpful to further improve the performance of these gaps. 5 385 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
14 Plasma-Laser Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Coatings A. Jurov
1,2 , N. Krstulović 3 , M. Modic 1 , N. Hojnik 1,2 , A.
Nikiforov 4 , A. Zille 5 , C. Leys 4 , U. Cvelbar 1,2
P
P
Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 Institute of Physics, Bijenička c. 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 4
5 2C2T-Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Têxtil, Minho University, Guimarães, Portugal
The “green synthesis” of colloidal nanoparticles and their application for the antibacterial coatings is based on the plasma-laser assisted ablation in liquids. Nanoparticles are synthesized through the process of laser ablation of target in water, which enables additional advantages in comparison with the other standard wet chemical synthesis, such as simplicity and complete utilization of materials. Furthermore, these nanoparticles are used and tested for antibacterial coatings on polymers, where they are grafted or imbedded through atmospheric pressure plasma assisted processes. The advantages of different coatings made from those nanoparticles are presented as well.
One of the requests in medicine are materials with antibacterial properties, and even though antibacterial coatings are not a novelty, still there is a demand for better effectivity and profitability. The goal of our method is just that, to try the new, simpler, and more affordable approach in the never-ending pursuit for
efficiency and
inexpensiveness. 2. Experiment Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in liquids is known as the “green synthesis” technique as it provides not inhalable colloidal nanoparticles of wide variety of metals with no residues or byproducts, and often no further purification is required. Moreover, the laser pulses can additionally generate, de-agglomerate, fragmentate, and re-shape nanoparticles. In addition to those advantages, the laser ablation is a simple and straightforward technique and only a small piece of metal is needed for the process, with no unused remains. Unlike the methods where nanoparticles are incorporated not only at the surface but in the bulk of polymer material, our method is focused on incorporating nanoparticles only to the surface, keeping the bulk material untouched. This is a cost- efficient route to incorporate nanoparticles into polymers. Within this approach, 3 methods are tested: 1) the polymer surface containing nanoparticles deposited by drop-casting on plasma pre-treated polymer, 2) the polymer surface containing nanoparticles deposited by drop-casting and sequent plasma treatment after water evaporated, and 3) a colloidal Au nanoparticles deposited on polymer surface and plasma treatment with until water evaporates. Preliminary research was done on various polymers with different colloidal nanoparticles, whereas a special attention was devoted to studies of PVC polymer and Au nanoparticles. Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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