On phenomena in ionized gases
Modes of unipolar and bipolar pulsed discharges in CO
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- ESTHER: A laser-ignited, combustion-driven, two-stage shock-tube for the simulation of hyperbolic planetary entries
- Mobility of negative ions in H 2 O-He mixtures
- The use of thermally stimulated luminescence for rapid assessment of plasma treated particulate materials
- 4. References
- The collisionless transient pinch
- Cyclic growth dynamics of nanoparticles in low-pressure rf dusty plasmas
Modes of unipolar and bipolar pulsed discharges in CO 2
V.A. Lisovskiy 1 , S.V. Dudin 1 , P.A. Ogloblina 2 , N.N. Vusyk 1 , V.A. Volkov 1 ,
1 , A.N. Dakhov 1
P 1 P
P
P
This paper reports the studies of unipolar and bipolar pulsed discharges in CO 2 in the pressure range from 0.1 to 1 Torr, the frequency range from 20 to 300 kHz and duty cycle values from 12 to 96%. We have demonstrated that with the pressure, frequency, inter-electrode distance and applied voltage fixed one may obtain different discharge structures only by varying the duty cycle values. For example, a unipolar discharge may contain the cathode sheath and the negative glow as well as the above regions and the additional dark Faraday space, the positive column and the anode glow. The unipolar and bipolar pulsed discharges may exist in two modes: one possessing a low discharge current and a diffuse positive column and another one possessing a high current and a contracted stratified positive column.
Pulsed gas discharges are widely applied in lasers, plasma display panels, for plasma nitriding, in light sources etc. Presently a great attention is devoted to the processes taking place in CO 2 plasma because this gas causes the greenhouse effect and because it is prevalent in the atmospheres of some planets and satellites of the Solar system. Therefore we have studied the modes of the unipolar and bipolar pulsed discharges in low pressure carbon dioxide discharge. Experiments have been performed in the device with flat stainless steel electrodes located inside the discharge tube with the inner diameter of 56 mm, the inter-electrode distance being from 10 to 380 mm. A pulsed unipolar (negative rectangular) or bipolar potential from the generator in the 20–300 kHz frequency range, the duty cycle from 12 до 95 % and applied voltage values up to 1200 V has been fed to the electrodes. The range of the measured discharge current values did not exceed 200 mA. The CO 2
pressure values were from 0.1 Torr to 1 Torr. We have revealed that an option of varying the frequency and the duty cycle in the pulsed discharge enables one to get not only different current values but to change the discharge structure in the broad range. Thus, keeping the gas pressure, the inter- electrode distance and the voltage applied across them one may get a unipolar discharge consisting of different parts by changing only the duty cycle values. With the duty cycle below 50% one observes the cathode sheath and the negative glow whereas at higher duty cycle values there appear, apart from the above ones, the dark Faraday space, the positive column and the anode glow. Similarly, one may change the bipolar discharge structure substantially varying the duty cycle, the negative glows near the both electrodes may be either symmetric with respect to the discharge center with the duty cycle about 50%, or a brighter negative glow would adhere to one of the electrodes (to which a short pulse of high voltage is fed), and near the other electrode (with a long pulse of low voltage) this glow may be absent. Note also that the unipolar and bipolar discharges may exist in two modes: one with the low discharge current and a diffuse positive column and another one with a high current and a contracted stratified positive column. In the unipolar discharge the diffuse mode is observed in long inter-electrode gaps and with high values of the duty cycle, i.e. 80% and higher. In the bipolar discharge the diffuse mode takes place at the duty cycle values from 80% to 50% for the frequency of 20 kHz and this range narrows from 80% to 70% for the frequency of 200 kHz. In the high current mode the positive column (if it fits the inter-electrode distance) is usually contracted consisting of a multitude of narrow striations. The presence of such striations usually indicates that the positive column contains a large number of negative ions. In a diffuse positive column with a low discharge current the conversion of CO 2 molecules probably is much less efficient than in a contracted column with a strong current. This is also pointed out by the fact that the reduced electric field in the positive column in the low current mode amounts to about 15 V/(cm Torr), and in the high current mode it grows about twice as large.
339 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
ESTHER: A laser-ignited, combustion-driven, two-stage shock-tube for the simulation of hyperbolic planetary entries
M. Lino da Silva P 1 P , B. B. Carvalho 1 , R. Rodrigues 1 , M. Castela 1 P
2 , A. Chikhaoui 3 ,
P 4 P
1 P Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal P 2 P Fluid Gravity Eng., Hampshire, United Kingdom P4 3 P Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France 4 ESA / European Space Research and Technology Centre, Aerothermodynamics Section, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
A new shock-tube facility is being developed by an international consortium led by IST-IPFN, under funding from the European Space Agency. This facility encompasses several key innovations which allows reaching almost unparalleled performance (being capable of shock-speeds above 12km/s) alongside with improved repeatability and cleanliness specifications, made possible by the development of a laser-driven “clean” H2/He/O2 combustion driver, a technology that has been implemented for the first time in a shock-tube facility. A scale test model has been developed to validate this concept, and has allowed reaching successful deflagrations of mixtures up to 100bar filling pressures, for a final combustion pressure in excess of 600bar. Careful tailoring of the gas mixture has allowed avoiding the outset of detonations, providing a very reliable and repeatable proof-of-concept setup for the ESTHER driver section.
1. Outline An 1064nm Nd:Yag laser has been deployed on the ESTHER test bombe, with the testing of several dilution ratios from He (from 50% to about 80%) and with lean and rich mixtures. The obtained pressure signals (see Fig. 1) have shown that an He dilution around 70% with a lean (O2 rich mixture) allow avoiding the outset of detonation, leading to smooth and repeatable pressure rise signals. The validation of this concept will allow deploying it on the final combustion chamber of the ESTHER facility (see Fig. 2). 2. Acknowledgements IPFN activities received financial support from European Space Agency through contract 23086 “Kinetic Shock-Tube for Planetary Exploration”, and from Fundação para a Ciencia e Tecnologia through project UID/FIS/50010/2013.
Fig.1: sample pressure signals from laser-ignited shots
Fig.2: outline view of the ESTHER shock-tube Topic number 8 340
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Mobility of negative ions in H 2 O-He mixtures
J. de Urquijo P 1 P , E. Basurto UP 2 P , O. González-Magaña 1
P 1 P
Mor. México P
P
We report the measurement of the drift velocity of negative ions in gaseous H 2 O-He mixtures over a wide range of total mixture pressure and H 2 O concentrations over the range 2-70%. A pulsed Townsend apparatus was used for the measurements. The present mobility data, measured at values of E/N low enough so that the mobility is essentially constant, depend, as expected, on the amount of H 2 O in the mixture; additionally, for a fixed H 2 O concentration in the mixture, the mobility depends on the total pressure. Because of the relatively high pressures used in this experiment (4-450 Torr), no mass spectrometry of the negative ions was possible. Current work is in progress to identify the ionic species from other means. 1. Introduction The field of bioplasmas has been growing at a fast rate in view of the many applications in medicine, engineering and basic science. For instance, He-H 2 O mixtures are used in atmospheric pressure plasmas to treat wounds in human tissue. While water may be present due to normal ambient humidity, He, a non-reactive rare gas under the present conditions, and with an excellent thermal conductivity, is a preferred carrier gas. Recent studies on the abundance of negative ions in an atmospheric discharge plasma report the formation of OH
- as the dominant species follow by the clusters OH - (H 2 O) n , with n=1-5 [1]. It has been recently found from a study on pure H 2 O, performed in a pulsed Townsend apparatus that the same kind of cluster ions are formed (n=1-3) over the pressure range 4-16 Torr [2].
A pulsed Townsend apparatus was used for these measurements. Details of the experiment and analytical techniques are given in [2]. The measurements were limited to regions of E/N where no ionisation processes take place. Mixture gas pressures between 4-450 Torr were used.
The variation of the low-field mobility of negative ions in H 2 O-He mixtures is shown in Fig. 1 as a function of pressure and H 2 O concentration in the mixture. It is interesting to note that apart from the variation of the mobility, K 00 , with the H 2 O content in the mixture, there is also a well-defined dependence with gas pressure. The lines joining the points correspond to a linear dependence between K 00 and pressure (the pressure scale is logarithmic).
10 100 0 2 4 6 K 00 (
c m 2 V -1 s -1 ) Pressure (Torr) H 2 O-He Negative ions 2% 5% 10% 20%
50% 70%
100%
H 2
range from 1-3%
Due to the very high pressures used, no mass spectrometric means were used. Current work is underway to determine the ionic species from indirect means [2].
[1] P. Bruggeman, F. Iza, D. Lauwers, Y. Aranda, J. Phys. D 43 (2010) 012003 [2] J. de Urquijo, A. Bekstein, G. Ruiz-Vargas and F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez, J. Phys. D 46 (2013) 035201
This work has been partially supported by Conacyt, Grant 240073 and PAPIIT-UNAM, IN108417. Thanks are due to A. Bustos and G. Bustos for their technical support. Topic number 1 341
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
The use of thermally stimulated luminescence for rapid assessment of plasma treated particulate materials
J. Ráheľ 1 , T. Morávek 1 , M. Ilčíková 1
1 Masaryk University, Department of Experimental Physics, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
Thermally induced light emission (luminescence) is presented as a particularly suitable tool for monitoring the level of plasma surface activation. The method is relatively fast, exhibits a surprising sensitivity and allows evaluation of even poorly defined surface, which are typical for particulate materials. The examples of three distinct materials are presented – plasma activated PET flakes, cellulose fibres pulp and Al 2 O 3 powders.
The processing of particulate materials (i.e. substances consisting of individual particles) plays a key role in the number of industrial sectors, e.g. ceramic and coatings engineering, pharmaceutical, composites or recycling industries. In many cases, the surface of particulate material needs to be modified to achieve better interaction with given liquid matrix, e.g. solvent or binder. For that, non- thermal plasma treatment (PT) of particles surface may be a suitable choice, chiefly due to its low environmental impact. The
vexing problem
associated with PT of particulate materials is its problematic transport through the active plasma zone. For instance, fine powders are attached to the electrodes by electrostatic charging, or blown off by the ion wind. These effects cause a poor control on the average PT time of material. Larger particles, such as polymer flakes or wood pulp, suffer from their irregular shape, which increase the risk of insufficient PT at short treatment times. A suitable diagnostic tool allowing rapid assessment of the level of plasma activation is therefore needed for PT optimization. 2. Results Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) experiments were performed on the photon-counting instrument Lumipol 3 (SAS, Bratislava), which detected the spectrally unresolved VIS light emission upon controlled sample heating up to 300°C. The PT was done using the diffuse coplanar dielectric barrier discharge (DCSBD) operated in atm. pressure air. PET flakes with average size of 2.25×17.7mm were PT for 60 sec to achieve better mechanical properties particleboards made from PET and wood particles [1]. Immediately after the treatment, the PT flakes exhibited 10-fold increase of peak TSL intensity. The cross-check XPS analysis confirmed higher number of oxygen containing surface group. Therefore the chemiluminescence (originating from the recombination of peroxy and hydroperoxy radicals) is most likely detected by TSL. Cellulose fibre pulp (GREENCEL, Slovakia) was PT to promote its further silanization. TSL measurements showed 2-fold signal increase, while the changes in XPS or FTIR spectra were not that dramatic. Although TSL signal was ambiguous to interpret, it proved again to be a sensitive PT indicator. Finally the submicron Al 2 O
powders were PT to enhance their dispersion stability [2]. PT treatment resulted in more than 15-fold rise of TSL signal. Our further analysis indicated that observed TSL signal is that of thermoluminescence – originating from electrons relaxed from the Al 2 O
trapped states, populated during the previous PT.
This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation, Project No. GA17-05620S. This research has been supported by the Project CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0086 funded by
European Regional Development Fund and Project LO1411 (NPU I) funded by Ministry of Education Youth and Sports of Czech Republic.
[1] P. Klímek, T. Morávek, J. Ráheľ et al. Composites Part B 90 (2016) 188- 194 [2] Z. Szalay, K. Bodišová et al. Ceramics International 40 (2014) 12737-12743
14 342 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
The collisionless transient pinch
J. E. Allen 1,2,3 and J. Gibson 3
P 1 P
P
P
P
P
has been studied in detail. The thickness of the surface current layer is found to be the electron inertial length (c/ωpe). The electron and ion trajectories have been calculated, the latter being essentially due to the electrostatic field which transfers the jxB force from the electrons to the positive ions. The collapse velocity is comparable to the Alfvén velocity, but the theory of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is not applicable to collision-free plasmas.
[1] M. Rosenbluth, Magnetohydrodynamics, ed. R.K.M. Landshoff, (Stanford University Press, 1957) p.57.
Topic number 4 343 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Cyclic growth dynamics of nanoparticles in low-pressure rf dusty plasmas
V. Garofano 1 , R. Bérard 2,3 , L. Stafford 1 , C. Joblin 3 , and K. Makasheva 2
1 Laboratoire de physique des plasmas, Département de physique, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada 2 LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d’Energie), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France 3 IRAP-OMP (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
This work investigates the dust formation dynamics in a low-pressure, axially-asymmetric, rf argon discharge with pulse injection of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO, Si 2 O(CH 3 ) 6 ). Light scattering and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) revealed oscillations over two time scales: a low-frequency cycle ascribed to the precursor injection and a very-low-frequency cycle linked to the dust formation and disappearance. It is found that the amount of injected HMDSO and the rf power significantly modify the period of the formation and disappearance cycle. The impact of these parameters on the low- and high-energy electron populations will be discussed.
When nanoparticles, or dust, grow inside a plasma, they are subjected to numerous forces. The most important ones, that allow or deny confinement of the dust cloud, are the electrostatic and ion drag forces. Their significance comes from the negative charge carried by the dust. However, since dust acts as a sink of the free electrons, it is not obvious that an equilibrium will be reached, in which dust would float indefinitely inside the discharge. In fact, a great number of temporal and spatial instabilities can be observed in low-pressure dusty plasmas. In our experiment, the plasma is generated between two electrodes separated by 3.5 cm, with the top, smaller, RF driven electrode made of silver and a larger, grounded, bottom electrode. One of the most important specificity in our procedure is the pulsed injection of the precursor, HMDSO (Si 2 O(CH
3 ) 6 ), with a complete cycle of 5 s. It was found that under specific experimental conditions, mainly low rf power (< 50 W) and enough injected precursor, expressed here as flow rate averaged over the injection period (> 0.16 sccm), a dust cloud appears in the plasma. More importantly, the dust cloud presents a formation/loss cyclic behavior with a period of a few hundred seconds (see Fig. 1). Fig. 2 shows the evolution of the period of dust formation/loss cycle with the relevant operating parameters. HMDSO flow rate accelerates this cycle by providing a greater quantity of radicals needed for the dust growth. On the other hand, the rf power increases the period of the cycle, most likely due to an increased fragmentation of the precursor providing more atomic hydrogen, known to act as dust nucleation inhibitor. In a recent study, we have used optical emission spectroscopy to examine the influence of the dust growth on the low- and high-energy electron populations [1]. It was shown that the electron temperature (T e ) follows the same trend as the dust cyclic formation and loss, while the electron density (n e ) has the opposite behavior. In this study, we will report on the influence of the injected HMDSO amount and the rf power on T e and n e .
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