Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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PARTICIPANTS: Representa ve sample of 2302 school girls (1106 in Rasht
City and 1196 in rural areas) selected by mul stage cluster sampling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Breakfast skipping, snacking habits at school, sleep habits, body weight, and height. ANALYSIS: Differences in the frequency of the measured variables between the urban and rural girls and overweight and normal weight girls were tested using the chi-square test, P < .05.
areas (4.1%) than in rural areas (5.2%). Prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in those who usually skipped breakfast (P < .001). Consumption of food items of low nutrient density as snacks during the school day was common in this population, especially in rural areas.
contribute to the high prevalence of overweight/obesity observed among Iranian adolescent females. Students should be encouraged to eat breakfast and choose nutritious snacks during the school day.
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Endokrynol Pol. 2009 Jan-Feb;60(1):14-9. Sonographic Fatty Liver in Overweight and Obese Children, A Cross Sectional Study in Isfahan. Adibi A, Kelishadi R, Beihaghi A, Salehi H, Talaei M. Isfahan University of Medical Scienses Radiology Isfahan, Iran. a_adibi@med.mui.ac.ir Abstract INTRODUCTION: Children's obesity is a known health problem in the world and is a strong predictor of obesity in adulthood which increases the incidence of related diseases such as metabolic syndrome. According to the MONIKA project by the World Health Organization (WHO), Iran is one of the seven countries with a high rate of child obesity. Fatty liver is an abnormality related to metabolic syndrome, with higher prevalence in obese children according to some previous studies. This study investigates the presence of Sonographic Fatty Liver (SFL) in Iranian obese children in comparison with normal and overweight children.
randomly selected children between the ages of 6 to 18 years. The subjects were divided into three groups of normal, overweight and obese based on body mass index (BMI). A questionnaire including demographic and anthropometric characteristics was filled for each one. To detect the presence of SFL all the subjects underwent assessments with ultrasonography by radiologist who was not aware of their BMI. The incidence of SFL was determined based on the ultrasonographic diagnosis criteria.
years. The mean of the liver span in the normal, overweight and obese groups were 111.36 +/- 18.73, 121.18 +/- 16.63 and 118.21 +/- 19.15 respec vely. The prevalence of SFL in obese children was 54.4%, which was significantly higher than overweight (10.5%) and normal ones (1%). According to present results, there was no significant difference in prevalence of SFL between sexes.
study suggests that Iranian obese children are at risk of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the WHO indicated Iran as one of the countries with high rate of obese children. Based on this information, we can conclude that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related non-
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communicable diseases will be increasing future in . Therefore, it is necessary to develop some plan to control overweight problem including teaching healthy lifestyle in schools and kindergartens as well as mass media.
Obes Rev. 2009 Jan;10(1):2-6. Epub 2008 Oct 29. Obesity in the Iranian Population. Rashidy-Pour A, Malek M, Eskandarian R, Ghorbani R. Department and Research Center of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Abstract There is an obesity epidemic worldwide, which has been increasing in recent years. An epidemiologic cross-sectional study was conducted among 3799 persons who were 30-70 years old in Semnan Province, Iran. Multistage cluster sampling was performed, and subjects were selected from urban and rural populations. Body weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Overweight and obesity were defined as 25 < or = BMI < 30 and > or =30 respec vely in men with WHR > or = 0.9 or WC > or = 102 cm, and women with WHR > or = 0.8 or WC > or = 88 cm were considered centrally obesite. Prevalence of obesity and overweight was 26.3% and 40.6% respec vely. Prevalence of obesity was more among women (39.5%) than men (14.5%) with central obesity prevalence using WHR and WC cut-points of 72.2% and 26.6% respectively. There was a significant association between obesity and age, gender, residential area and educa onal level (P < 0.01). In conclusion, prevalence of obesity and overweight among 30-70 years old, especially among women, was higher than expected. A comprehensive educational programme on obesity risk factors and obesity-related diseases is necessary.
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Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5:739-43. Epub 2009 Sep 24. Dyslipidemia in Iranian Overweight and Obese Children. Ghergerehchi R. Department of Pediatrics, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran.
overweight and obese children and to determine the extent of blood lipid abnormality in overweight and obese children.
and obese children and adolescents (body mass index [BMI] > 85th percen le) aged 4 to 18 years undertaken at the outpa ent endocrine clinic of the Childrens' Hospital at Tabriz University between 2006-2008. This study was conducted to compare the frequency of abnormal plasma lipid levels in overweight and obese children compared with 50 nonobese children (BMI = 50th-85th percen le).
of dyslipidemia increased with severity of obesity and reached 76.9% in the severely obese (P < 0.005). High triglycerides was the most common dyslipidemia in combina on (26.08%) and in isola on (18.6%). There was a significant difference in mean of triglycerides between the severely obese and other groups (P < 0.004). CONCLUSION: In the present study, dyslipidemia is more common in severely obese children and the most common component of dyslipidemia is a high triglyceride level.
Pakistan Journal of Nutri on, 2009;8:53-56. Association between Socioeconomic Factors and Obesity In Iran Habibollah Esmaeily, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan, Mohammad-Reza Parizadeh, Mohammad Safarian, Mohammad-Javad Parizadeh, Bahareh Hassankhani, Elahe Salardini, Zaim-Kohan Houshang, Hossini Javad, Oladi Mohammad Reza and Gordon Ferns
The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between socio-economic factors and obesity within a population from Iran. Male and female subjects (n=4977) aged 15-65 years, were recruited from the Great Khorasan province of Iran using a cluster-stratified sampling method.
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Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected by questionnaire. Of the study popula on, 29.1% were overweight and 13.8% were obese. Being overweight and obese was significantly more prevalent among women than men and urban- compared to rural-dwellers. A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was seen among individuals who were divorced or widowed and among housewives, or individuals with poor education. Urbanization, age, illiteracy, female gender and divorced, or widowed status were significant predictors of obesity (p<0.001). The associa on of obesity with urban-dwelling which is consistent with previous reports was also found to be the most important determinant of obesity. The prevalence of obesity in urban residents of Iran is high, particularly among poorly educated women. A community-based approach using multiple strategies including appropriate education will be required to address this problem.
BMC Public Health 2009, 9:167doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-167 Third National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non- Communicable Diseases (Surfncd-2007) in Iran: Methods and Results on Prevalence of Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, Central Obesity, and Dyslipidemia Alireza Esteghamati 1 , Alipasha Meysamie 2 , Omid Khalilzadeh 1 , Armin Rashidi 1 , Mehrdad Haghazali 3 Fereshteh Asgari 3 , Mandana Kamgar 1
Mohammad Mehdi Gouya 3 and Mehrshad Abbasi 1
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3
Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: h p://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/167 Abstract BACKGROUND: The burden of non-communicable diseases is rising globally. This trend seems to be faster in developing countries of the Middle East. In this study, we presented the latest prevalence rates of a number of important non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in the Iranian population.
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METHODS: The results of this study are extracted from the third national Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD- 2007), conducted in 2007. A total of 5,287 Iranian ci zens, aged 15–64 years, were included in this survey. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were applied to collect the data of participants including the demographics, diet, physical activity, smoking, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and serum biochemistry profiles were determined on venous blood samples. Diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl), hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of an - hypertensive drugs), dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl, hypercholesterolemia: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl), obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ), and central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 80 cm in females and ≥ 94 cm in males) were iden fied and the na onal prevalence rates were estimated. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and central obesity was 8.7% (95%CI = 7.4–10.2%), 26.6% (95%CI = 24.4–28.9%), 22.3% (95%CI = 20.2–24.5%), and 53.6% (95%CI = 50.4–56.8%), respec vely. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was 36.4% (95%CI = 34.1–38.9%) and 42.9% (95%CI = 40.4–45.4%), respec vely. All of the mentioned prevalence rates were higher among females (except hypertriglyceridemia) and urban residents.
chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors among Iranian adults. Urgent preventive interventions should be implemented to combat the growing public health problems in Iran. 175
BMC Public Health 2009, 9:167 Third National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non- Communicable Diseases (Surfncd-2007) in Iran: Methods and Results on Prevalence of Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, Central Obesity, and Dyslipidemia Alireza Esteghamati 1 , Alipasha Meysamie 2 , Omid Khalilzadeh 1 , Armin Rashidi 1 , Mehrdad Haghazali 3 , Fereshteh Asgari 3 , Mandana Kamgar 1 , Mohammad Mehdi Gouya 3 and Mehrshad Abbasi 1 .
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3
Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran Abstract BACKGROUND: The burden of non-communicable diseases is rising globally. This trend seems to be faster in developing countries of the Middle East. In this study, we presented the latest prevalence rates of a number of important non-communicable diseases and their risk factors in the Iranian population.
Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD- 2007), conducted in 2007. A total of 5,287 Iranian ci zens, aged 15–64 years, were included in this survey. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were applied to collect the data of participants including the demographics, diet, physical activity, smoking, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and serum biochemistry profiles were determined on venous blood samples. Diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl), hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or use of an - hypertensive drugs), dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl, hypercholesterolemia: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl), obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ), and central obesity (waist circumference ≥ 80 cm in females and ≥ 94 cm in males) were iden fied and the na onal prevalence rates were estimated. 176
RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and central obesity was 8.7% (95%CI = 7.4–10.2%), 26.6% (95%CI = 24.4–28.9%), 22.3% (95%CI = 20.2–24.5%), and 53.6% (95%CI = 50.4–56.8%), respec vely. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was 36.4% (95%CI = 34.1–38.9%) and 42.9% (95%CI = 40.4–45.4%), respec vely. All of the mentioned prevalence rates were higher among females (except hypertriglyceridemia) and urban residents.
chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors among Iranian adults. Urgent preventive interventions should be implemented to combat the growing public health problems in Iran.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(1):131-6. Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and its Influencing Factors among Adolescent Girls in Mashhad, Iran. Mirhosseini NZ, Yusoff NA, Shahar S, Parizadeh SM, Mobarhen MG, Shakery MT. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study sought to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, one of the major public-health challenges worldwide, and its influencing factors among 15 to 17 years old adolescent girls in Mashhad, Iran. METHODS: A total of 622 high school adolescents par cipated in a cross- sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio- demographic characteristics and dietary habits. Anthropometric assessments, blood pressure measurement and biochemical assessment were done.
and 3.4 % of subjects were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Enlarged WC (> 80 cm) was seen in 9.5% of subjects. The prevalence of combined hypertension was 6.1% which was increased by the severity of obesity. A total of 24.5% of subjects had hypertriglyceridemia and 57% of them had low level of HDL-cholesterol. Hyperglycemia was present in 16.7% of subjects. Based on the NCEP ATP III (2001) criteria, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 6.5% and increased to 45.1% in obese subjects. 177
Increasing BMI or WC, led to significant increment in the number of metabolic syndrome features (p < 0.001). High socioeconomic status of family, medical history of parents and dietary habits especially high consumption of carbohydrates were influencing factors in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.
the criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Dietary habits especially carbohydrate consumption, socioeconomic status of family and medical history of parents can be influential factors in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome.
ARYA Atherosclerosis, Vol 5, No 2, summer 2009 Risk Scoring System for Prediction of Abdominal Obesity in a National Sample osf Youths: Caspian Study Mohsen Hosseini, Mohammad Amir Amirkhani, Marjan Mansourian, Hasan Ziaoddini, Gelayol Ardalan, Parinaz Poursafa, Roya Kelishadi Abstract BACKGROUND: Abdominal obesity is a predictor for many cardio-metabolic disorders in different age groups. The use of available information on factors associated with abdominal obesity has been proposed as an effective way of identifying at-risk individuals. To assess the effectiveness of a risk scoring system for abdominal obesity in a large and representative population of youths. METHODS: Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is an effective surrogate measure of abdominal obesity in children. This analysis was performed to find out the normal cut off value for WHtR by calculating the risk score. To develop a risk score to identify high-risk individuals for abdominal obesity, we analyzed data from a national survey, entitled CASPIAN Study, that was conducted on a nationally - representative sample of Iranian students aged 6-18 years. The risk equa on was determined by a mul ple logistic regression analysis, and Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to determine the cut-off value for the risk equation.
were living in rural area, attending public school, positive family history of diabetes and obesity in first and second degree relatives, lower mother’s education level, number of household members; whereas physical activity 178
decreased this risk. The area under curve (AUC) for the ROC was 63% (95% CI: 0.612, 0.643).A CASPIAN study popula on value>=39 had op mum sensi vity (64%) and specificity (54%) for determining abdominal obesity score.
CONCLUSION: This method can be helpful in screening and prevention of abdominal obesity by identifying those at-risk individuals in a timely manner.
Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2009;38(3) : 84-89 Socioeconomic Status and Obesity Relationship in Non- Menopause Women Aged 15-49 Years in Tehran, Iran K Mohammad 1 , *B Golestan 1 , R Majdzadeh 1 , R Chaman 2 , S Nedjat 1 , M
Karimloo 3
1 Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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