Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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- Abstract OBJECTIVES
- Childhood Obesity and Pakistan.
- Hypertension in Relation to Obesity, Smoking, Stress, Family History, Age and Marital Status among Human Population of Multan, Pakistan
- SETTING
- Abstract OBJECTIVE
- Evaluation of Body Mass Index for a Reference Pakistani Man and Woman.
- DESIGN
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CONCLUSIONS: Unmeasured environmental or genetic factors account for ethnic variations in diabetes and central obesity, and deserve further study.
Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Apr;9(4):526-32. Assessing Obesity and Overweight in a High Mountain Pakistani Population. Shah SM, Nanan D, Rahbar MH, Rahim M, Nowshad G. Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. buburdr@yahoo.com Abstract OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of obesity and overweight among adults in a high mountain rural population of Pakistan, and to determine the correlates of excess body weight. Design Cross-sectional study.
selected by stratified random sampling from 16 villages in north Pakistan. Trained medical students measured height, weight and blood pressure. Trained interviewers obtained information from participants on sociodemographic variables, use of snuff, daily cigarette consumption, hypertension and family history of hypertension. Body mass index (BMI) 457
calculated as kg/m(2) was used to define overweight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: Using weight and height data available for 1391 men and 2754 women, mean BMI was 22.4 (95% CI 21.9, 22.9) for men and 22.6 (95% CI 21.9, 23.2) for women. The age-adjusted prevalence of BMI > or = 25 (overweight/obesity) was 13.5% for men and 14.1% for women. Overweight/obesity increased with age and the increase per year was iden cal for both men and women [adjusted odds ra o (AOR) = 1.01, 95% CI 1.01, 1.03]. Overweight/obese men and women were more likely to be hypertensive (men, AOR = 3.32, 95% CI 2.16, 5.09; women, AOR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.21, 2.39). Overweight/obese women were more likely to work in business or as skilled workers (AOR = 6.24, 95% CI 1.18, 32.83) while overweight/obese men were more likely to work as government employees (AOR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.66, 4.03). Family history of hypertension was a significant correlate of overweight/obesity in men (P value 0.004) and women (P value 0.000). Overweight/obese men and women were less likely to use smokeless tobacco (men, AOR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.43, 0.97; women, AOR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.35, 0.85). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Pakistan is expected to increase as further epidemiologic, nutritional and demographic changes occur. The assessment of excess body weight, and patterns and determinants of other risk factors for NCDs is important to provide useful guidelines in the planning of interventions to counter a growing problem.
J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2004 Mar;14(3):189-92. Childhood Obesity and Pakistan. Afzal MN, Naveed M. Department of Basic Health Sciences, Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad. nasirafzal@hotmail.com Erratum in J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2004 May;14(5):326.
Obesity and overweight have become a problem of public health magnitude associated with substantial economic burden not only in the developed countries but also in the developing countries. The number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled in the last two decades in the United States and worldwide, including developing countries. No study on 458
childhood obesity and overweight is available in Pakistan. Obesity in children impacts on their health in both short and long-term and obesity and its preventive strategies are poorly understood. Increasing number of these children and adolescents all over the world demand not only a substantial political will but also an investment for primary and secondary preventive measures and novel approaches in the treatment modalities.
Journal of Medical Sciences, 2004; 4(1):30-35 Hypertension in Relation to Obesity, Smoking, Stress, Family History, Age and Marital Status among Human Population of Multan, Pakistan Kamran Tassaduqe , Muhammad Ali , Abdus Salam , Muhammad Latif , Nazish Afroze , Samra Masood and Soban Umar
The present study was carried out to assess hypertension in relation to obesity, smoking stress, family history, age and marital status among human population of Multan, Pakistan. The present data was collected randomly from the male popula on aging from 16 to 85 years. The male popula on was divided into three age groups i.e old male (age above 50 years), mature male (age 31 to 50 years) and young male (age 16 to 30 years). The study revealed that there was a strong relationship between hypertension and obesity in all age groups. Hypertensive patients had association with age, smoking, stress, family history and marital status. When comparison was made between mild, moderate and severe hypertensive patients, it was found that old married males were suffering from severe hypertension. Family history of hypertension and myocardial infarction also had a strong association with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was found to be maximum (17.08%) in males of age group >50 as compared to mature males (14.16%) and young males (13.48%) in observed sample population. The results from the observed population suggested that prevalence of obesity was (11.49%). The obesity was maximum (12.19%) in males of age group >50 as compared to mature males (11.51%) and young males (10.64%). In the normotensive individuals the prevalence of obesity was (8.74%) as compared to (26.99%) in hypertensive individuals.
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JPMA (Journal Of Pakistan Medical Association), July 2003;53(7) Obesity in Adolescents of Pakistan T. Rehman, Z. Rizvi, U. Siddiqui, S Ahmad, A. Sophie, M. Siddiqui, O. Saeed, Q. Kizilbash, A. Shaikh , A. Lakhani, A. Shakoor. Final Year Medical Students, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi.
Karachi's school going teenagers regarding healthy eating and body weight and to determine the extent of obesity in these individuals by measuring their Body Mass Index (BMI). SETTING: Tenth grade O' level students from six schools in Karachi. METHOD: A cross sectional study design with a convenience sample of students who were provided with a self-administered questionnaire. In order to compute BMI, the height and weight of each student was measured after completion of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Seventeen percent students were underweight (below the 5th percen le), 65% were normal weight (5th to 85th percen le) and 18% were overweight (above the 85th percentile). Regarding knowledge about health problems arising due to being overweight, 90% knew being overweight was harmful to health. When asked about what one can do to lose weight, 96% listed exercise among their answers. The results also showed that underweight people were more likely to have 1 or more snacks daily, whereas overweight respondents were less likely to snack between meals. (OR 0.2, p-value <0.01).
important that work be done with regard to tackling this health issue, which is of significant consequence in the long term. Emphasis should be on promoting low intensity long duration physical activity that can be conveniently incorporated into daily life. There is a need for more based studies be conducted in schools and in the general population so as to establish guidelines on nutrition and weight status for the Pakistani people (JPMA 53:315;2003).
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J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 Aug;52(8):342-6. The Obesity Pandemic--Implications for Pakistan. Nanan DJ. Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi.
and obesity. In February 2000, the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, the International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force published provisional recommendations for adults for the Asia-Pacific region: overweight at Body Mass Index (BMI) > or = 23 and obesity at BMI > or = 25. METHODS: Data from the National Health Survey of Pakistan, 1990-94 were reanalyzed using BMI cut-offs recommended for Asians to reassess prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult Pakistani population.
areas was 9% for men and 14% for women; in urban areas, prevalence was 22% and 37% for men and women, respec vely. For 45-64 year olds, prevalence was 11% for men and 19% for women in rural areas, and 23% and 40% in urban areas for men and women, respec vely. Obesity prevalence was directly associated with SES, regardless of residence. CONCLUSION: In South Asia, including Pakistan, social and environmental changes are occurring rapidly, with increasing urbanization, changing lifestyles, higher energy density of diets, and reduced physical activity. The coexistence of underweight in early life with obesity in adults may presage both a higher prevalence and incidence for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes. Use of BMI > or = 23 for overweight, and BMI > or = 25 for obesity, may provide a more accurate determination of the health of Pakistanis, especially in those with more than one risk factor for NCDs.
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Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001 May;55(5):400-6. Socio-Economic Differences in Height and Body Mass Index of Children and Adults Living In Urban Areas of Karachi, Pakistan. Hakeem R. Department of Food and Nutrition, Rana Liaqat Ali Khan Government College
of Home
Economics, Karachi, Pakistan. hakeem@cyberaccess.com.pk
mass index (BMI) in urban areas of Karachi. DESIGN: A comparative study was undertaken to compare the heights and BMIs of adults and children belonging to three distinctively different income groups living in urban areas of Karachi.
large houses located in the authorised urban residential areas of Karachi. SUBJECTS: A total of 600 families, 200 from each income group, were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements of 1296 females and 1197 males of different ages were taken.
demographic information. Height and weight of all the available family members were measured. In order to determine the socio-economic difference in height status, the mean height in cm of adults was compared. For children (2-17 y) means of height-for-age Z-scores determined on the basis of NCHS reference values were compared. For studying the weight status the BMI of all the respondents was calculated and they were grouped into categories of under-, normal or overweight according to the NCHS recommended cut-off points. For adult men and women BMI values
overweight. Among children, those having BMI values below the 5th percentile of the NHANES III reference values were categorised as underweight and those above the 95th percen le were termed overweight.
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RESULTS: Height status improved with income level among adults and children of both sexes. Among males the difference in weight status was significant only among 2 to 18-y-olds (P<0.05 in each case). The rate of overweight among 2 to 18-y-old males was significantly higher (P=0.004) at the middle-income level (15%) as compared to low or high income. The rate of underweight was significantly higher (P=0.025) at the low-income level among 2 to 18-y-old males (31%, 21% and 22% at low-, middle- and high- income levels, respectively). Among females, rates of underweight were not significantly different at any age. Rates of overweight increased significantly (P=0.048) with income level among 41 to 60-y-old women (38%, 53% and 60% at low-, middle- and high-income levels, respectively).
decreased with increasing income level. Socio-economic differences in weight status were not uniform among various age-sex groups. The influence of increasing affluence is likely to be seen both in the form of increased obesity among older females and underweight among children. Differing patterns of association between income and weight status among male and female children need to studied further with more accurate birth records, so as to further clarify the situation. In terms of prevention of nutrition-related disorders both problems of under- and over-nutrition need to be addressed.
Health Phys. 2001 Mar;80(3):274-7. Evaluation of Body Mass Index for a Reference Pakistani Man and Woman. Akhter P, Aslam M, Orfi SD. Health Physics Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad. akhterp@apollo.net.pk Abstract To strengthen the radiation protection infrastructure, a pilot study on physical characteristics for Reference Asian Man was carried out in Pakistan. Physical data on height and weight of Pakistani men and women were collected and compiled for all age groups to establish a Reference Pakistani Man/Woman which contributed toward the Reference Asian Man/Woman. A correlation between Age and Body Mass Index (BMI) of Pakistani MALES (i.e., rm = +0.89) and FEMALES (i.e., rf = +0.71) was observed. Average BMI of Pakistani males and females for the age group of
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20-50 y was found to be 21.95 kg m(-2) and 21.20 kg m(-2), respec vely. From recent literature and work of others BMI for Reference Asian Male (RAM) and Reference Asian Female (RAF) has been found to be 20.79 kg m(- 2) and 20.81 kg m(-2). Results of our study fall within BMI ranges for male/female adults of Asian countries, i.e., 19.14-22.98 kg m(-2) and 19.38- 22.71 kg m(-2), respec vely. However, no significant sex specific difference has been noted.
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Palestine I nt J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Jan;27(1):140-6. Obesity in a Rural and an Urban Palestinian West Bank Population. Abdul-Rahim HF, Holmboe-Ottesen G, Stene LC, Husseini A, Giacaman R, Jervell J, Bjertness E. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestinian Authority. hhalabi@birzeit.edu
consumption patterns, physical activity patterns and smoking between a rural and an urban community in the Palestinian West Bank and to describe the associations of the latter factors with body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional survey in a rural and an urban Palestinian West Bank community. SUBJECTS: A total of 549 women and 387 men aged 30-65 y, excluding pregnant women. MEASUREMENTS: Obesity was defined as BMI >/=30 kg/m(2).
and men, respectively, compared with 49.1 and 30.6% in urban women and men, respec vely. The mean difference (s.e) in BMI levels was 1.6 (0.52) kg/m(2) between urban and rural women and 0.9 (0.46) kg/m(2) in men. At the household level, the mean energy consump on from 25 selected food items was 13.8 MJ (3310 kcal)/consump on unit/day in the rural community compared to 14.5 MJ (3474 kcal)/consump on unit/day in the urban community (P=0.021). BMI was posi vely associated with age in both men and women and with urban residence in women. BMI was negatively associated with smoking and physical activity in men and with educational level in women.
adjusting for age, smoking, education, physical activity and nutrition-related variables, suggesting that the differences in the conventional determinants of obesity could not fully explain the difference in the prevalence of obesity between the two communities. Among men, the measured determinants explained the rural-urban differences in BMI 465
QATAR Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011 Feb;62(1):60-2. Epub 2010 Jul 21. Obesity and Low Vision as a Result of Excessive Internet Use and Television Viewing. Bener A, Al-Mahdi HS, Ali AI, Al-Nufal M, Vachhani PJ, Tewfik I. Department of Medical Statistics & Epidemiology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Hamad General Hospital, Qatar. abener@hmc.org.qa Abstract The technological age has resulted in children spending prolonged hours in front of television (TV) and computer screens (on the Internet). The aim of this prospective cross-sectional study is to determine the effect of this phenomenon on both childhood obesity and low vision in the State of Qatar. A total of 3000 school students aged 6 to 18 years were approached from September 2009 to March 2010 and 2467 (82.2%) students agreed to participate. Face-to-face interviews based on a designed questionnaire were conducted. The highest proportion of obese children were aged between 15-18 years (9.4%; p < 0.001); spent ≥ 3 hours on the Internet (5.6%; p < 0.001), and spent between 5-7 hours or less sleeping (4.1%; p < 0.001). Forty-six (1.9%) children spent ≥ 3 hours/day on the Internet, and were either overweight/obese and had low vision. The study findings confirmed a positive association between obesity and low vision as a result of excessive time spent on the TV view and Internet use.
Qatar Founda on Annual Research Forum Proceedings, 2010 Developing a Childhood Obesity Prevention Program for Children in the State of Qatar. Amal Essa Al-Muraikhi, Hamad Medical Corporation, Primary Health Care, Doha, Qatar.
worldwide that requires preventive action. Prevention is best targeted at children, but relatively few research studies have focused on obesity prevention and most of those were conducted in western countries. Qatar has undergone rapid industrialization and childhood obesity is emerging as
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a health problem. However, there is little information on the determinants and its prevention. The aims of this study was to describe the prevalence of obesity among 6-7 years old school children, inves gate contribu ng factors and identify potential components for an intervention program to prevent obesity amongst children.
children in grade 1 from 12 primary schools randomly selected from the state of Qatar and 2) focus groups with a range of stakeholders. Topic guides were used to explore concepts on overweight and obesity, the causes of childhood obesity, and perceptions on potential prevention interventions. Download 5.37 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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