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THE ART OF WOOD CARVING.
The art of wood carving is one of the most common forms of art in Uzbekistan. Here any image is drawn and cut on the tree. This kind of artistic and visual art exists among all peoples of the world, since ancient times it has been used in construction and architecture, in the economic and household sphere. Over the centuries, the art of wood carving developed in Europe and Asia and acquired its own special style and method of applying patterns. In Central Asia, this type of art was also used in architecture and construction, as well as in the economic and household sphere. Carved wood products such as: Windows and doors, tables and chairs, cabinets and chests, chests of drawers and boxes, spoons and plates, hon Ottoman and Ottoman (hon Ottoman-one of the varieties of the table with short legs, Ottoman-from Persian means wood, wooden longitudinal bench as a hard sofa) various grilles and fences were widely used both in construction and everyday life. At the end of the VII century, the art of wood carving became popular among the Uzbek people. This is due to the fact that in the Middle Ages trade relations between the West and the East developed rapidly. In the XI-XIII Centuries folk arts and crafts developed rapidly. The application of complex patterns was dominated by the application of geometric shapes, that is, patterns in the style of girih. For example, a piece of carving found on a tree in the memorial of Shohizind of Samarkand of the XIII Century is distinguished by its elegance and naturalness of applying patterns. In this segment, the features of the application of patterns are characterized by the completeness of compositional ornaments and geometric shapes. In the XIX - XX centuries, such crafts as wood carving and ganch, hammered craftsmanship, the art of applying patterns rapidly developed and in each region, the city formed a kind of school of craft, in particular wood carving. During this period, such masterpieces as the Palace of khudoyarkhan in Kokand, the Romanov Palace in Tashkent, the house of Zainiddinbaya in Kuva, the madrasa of Saidahmad Khoja, the Palace of Sitorai Mohi Khosa in Bukhara were created as the brightest example of the art of wood carving. 186 One of the brightest representatives of the Uzbek school of folk and applied art and masters of wood carving are Olimjon Kosimzhonov (1878-1924), sulaymon khuzhaev (1866-1946) and many others have created many beautiful works of art. They created schools of wood carving and produced many famous students. In wood carving, a peculiar style and method of carving was formed. For example: Margilan wood carving is distinguished by the depth of relief carving and solid composition.Kokand wood carving has the property of a convex shape, and is called "burtma", which means relief or convex. In Tashkent wood carving is widely used methods of drawing and cutting and Margilan and Kokand schools, and methods and styles of carving structurally different, solid relief patterns are intertwined. Khiva wood carving differs from other monumental and multicolored; the main thing is the preservation of the natural color of the wood. Bukhara wood carving is characterized by the attractiveness of patterns, that is, here used in the decoration of gilded elements and colorful paints complement the compositional content of the patterns. Tashkent school of wood carving. Masters of this school cut out patterns with small carving, the least relief and density of patterns. Compositional ornament and artistic patterns attract the inhabitants of its subtlety and repeatability, in particular spiral prominent patterns in the form of plants and flowers. Masters of the Khiva school of wood carving mainly used " kairagach” (kairagach-a kind of tree growing in Central Asia). To preserve the natural color of the wood, special cumin oils were used and absorbed for soft processing and application of patterns. Khiva school of wood carving is characterized by monumental patterns. Kokand and Fergana school of wood carving.Kokand masters carved spoons, chairs and Ottoman hon (hon Ottoman - one of the varieties of table ukorochenniy legs). Patterns of wood carving were distinguished by the shortness of the pattern and relief patterns are not large, this method was used in architecture in the manufacture of doors and Windows. Column (Ustun-wooden column) and lattices. The wooden columns “ustanak” patterns were applied over deep cuts and was monumental patterns.Kokand school mainly used white wood, that is, "TERAK” (TERAK is one of the varieties of Asian birch), as well as "Beech". Masters first applied the pattern, painted a more elevated color and only then covered with varnish. The Margilan School of wood carving has a national character of applying patterns, that is, using a deep-relief method of carving patterns. This method was at the origins of the art of wood carving in the Fergana valley. Later this sposob steel ispolzovatj and architecture. The art of carving on stone and bone. The art of carving on stone is one of the rarest types of folk and applied art. This kind of art requires from human not only patience and skill, but and diligence and force, so as here needs huge investment forces physical health. As 187 well as this kind of art is popularly referred to as "sangtarashan" (sangtarashan means stone craft). Stone carving craft, it is not only the processing of stone as a building material, but the craft of carving patterns and drawings. For carving patterns on stone, linear carving, "zanjiri uyma" (zanjiri uyma - cutting in the form of a chain, that is, spiral carving), lattice carving (chambarasimon uyma) or lattice, volumetric carving is mainly used. Stones of medium and hard density and hardness are mainly used in stone-making craft. Categories of soft stones include-talcochlorite, dense stone, limestone: medium density stones include- onyx, porphyry, calcareous marble, marble: hard density stones include-lapis lazuli, amozon, ATAG, malachite, jadent, jade, Jasper and others. Of the above stones were made large cauldrons, jugs, lagans, bowls, figurines, statues of large and small sizes. In the manufacture of bowls, casans carved patterns of plants, geometric shapes, symbolic patterns, drawings with plot compositions. The art of stone carving is currently developing rapidly in the Republic. Such masters as: R. Obidov, A. Boltaev, Z. Khudaiberganov, H. Rakhimov, B. Davlatov, A. Bekzhanov, K. Polvonov, Z. Abdulov, K. Ruzmetov, Zh. Zhuraev, A. Turdiev, B. Kamolov, B. zhabborov, A. Khaitov, S. Khamidov and many others. The works of folk artists serve the people, pleasing connoisseurs of the art of carving patterns on stone. The art of carving on stone is considered one of the rare forms of art, in the conditions of development of modern technologies acquires a peculiar way of development. The art of carving patterns on bones Among the folk crafts, the art of carving a pattern on the bones occupies a special place. This kind of art came to Central Asia from India. India, Yakutia, some African countries and China are considered the legislators of this art form. The antiquity of the art of carving patterns on bones is evidenced by various objects and products found in archaeological excavations. The development of this art form lagged behind in Central Asia for geographical reasons. However, this art form was widely used in the art of making knives, popularly referred to as "kortsozi" or "pichoxozlik", which means the art of making knives. Here was mainly used by home and small bones of cattle. The art of carving patterns on bones appeared in early 1959. The only master clippings and wood and bones is considered to be the honored worker of arts in the Republic of Uzbekistan Artician Fayzullaev. Artician Fayzullaev on a level, studying the art of cutting on wood, as he studied the art of cutting on the bones. He visited museums and factories in Moscow and Kiev, where he studied the art and craft of carving patterns on bones. As the famous master said: "Mammoth Tooth, walrus tooth, elephant bones and tusks, bones of horses and other animals are the raw materials for the craft of carving bone products." In the works of art, the patterns created by the master were applied in two layers, gradually passing the application of patterns in three layers. In the compositional plan, the patterns are applied of medium depth, spiral plant-like patterns or patterns resembling geometric shapes are depicted. 188 Flowers were applied in the style of "ghuli girih", which means flower girih. Such patterns in most resembled symbolic patterns. Such patterns were mainly used in wood carving in the manufacture of individual parts of objects consisting of a wooden base, that is, products in which the part consisted of wood. Kokand craftsmen mainly applied patterns on the bones with relief cuttings. Tashkent masters applied solid relief patterns, where solid drawings were also widely used in wood carving. Download 1.92 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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