O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti viloyat to’xsanova

CERAMICS 
Goncharnyi product is made of clay items, brought to the artwork one of 
the oldest crafts of the ancient East and the world. These clay objects represent a 
symbol of purity and kindness. In the East you can still find clay and ceramic 
utensils and decor. Initially, clay was considered a symbol of prosperity, 
blessings and beauty. In primitive society, clay was used as a product for 
decoration and building material, and only then as a product or decoration, 
serving for the use or application of patterns. Uzbek art of pottery has a very 
ancient history and a unique tradition. Products of pottery were originally 
shaped vessels, and then there were bowls, teapots, plates, jugs, kungans, lagans 
and more. The invention of porcelain was the pinnacle of pottery. In the 
manufacture of porcelain special clay clay first brought to the condition, then 
heated to the desired temperature until the appearance of a rocky layer. The first 
porcelain products appeared in the Neolithic era. In world history there is a 
legend that porcelain was invented in ancient China. Initially, ware items were 
made, then decorative items. Since clay can be found in different parts of the 
world, pottery developed everywhere, but each area had its own characteristics 
of production, and developed in its own way in some parts of the world at a 
rapid pace, in others at a later period. However, in the manufacture of pottery, 
the Potter's wheel was used everywhere at the same time, that is, the Potter's 
wheel was used all over the world. The Potter's wheel was invented in BC. 

---

191 
Three thousand years ago. Basically, these craft men had been engaged in. Then 
the products were heated in special furnaces, and decorated with drawings. 
The art of pottery developed rapidly in Central Asia in VIII-XII centuries.
This is proved by pottery found in the excavations of Afrasiab and other places 
in Asia Minor. At that time, the culture of the East, in particular Central Asia, 
developed rapidly. This was preceded by a number of historical events, such as 
the adoption of Islam, the development of trade relations with China and the 
West, and a convenient location in the heart of the great Silk Road. On an equal 
footing with art and culture, science also developed. The greatest scientists of 
that time lived in Central Asia, as Beruniy, al Kharezmi, Ibn Sina, Firdavsi, and 
Rudaki. These famous scientists of science and philosophy were not only 
scientists of that time, but also ideologists of culture, science, philosophy, 
spirituality, ethics and aesthetics. Their works on the "Perfect man", on morality 
and spirituality form the basis of new ideological and spiritual views of 
mankind. In the XIII century, after the conquest of Central Asia by the 
Mongols, pottery and art, like many other things, fell into decline. Bukhara, 
Samarkand, Marv, Urgench, Sogda, Balkh and many other cities were burned or 
destroyed forever. As a result, pottery, like many other things, fell into decline. 
Since the XIV century, pottery has received a new round of development. 
This is due to the arrival to power of Amir Temur and the Temurid dynasty.By 
the beginning of the XIX century there were Potter's schools. The need for water 
in Central Asia has always been one of the burning issues, and therefore the 
production of pottery and their decoration has always occupied a major place in 
production. On an equal footing with the manufacture of pottery masters paid 
great attention to their decoration and aesthetic appearance of products. In the 
XIX century, the pottery of the Uzbek and Tajik people reached the peak of its 
development. Pottery schools were opened in Gijduvan, Rishtan, Shahrisabz, 
Samarkand, Tashkent and Paikent. 
In 1932, training and production courses organized in Tashkent United folk 
masters and artisans, including folk artisans of pottery. There were organized 
courses of pottery and ceramics. Masters of pottery and ceramics were taught 
the craft to all parties and the secrets of the art. Among the famous masters who 
taught the intricacies of the craft were Rishtan master Usto Muhammad Siddiq, 
Usmon Umarov, Tashkent master Turob Miraliyev, shakhrisab master Rustam 
Egamberdiev, Karim Hazratkulov and many others. Among them, a special 
place is occupied by the people's artist of the Republic of Uzbekistan Mukhiddin 
Rakhimov, who worked fruitfully for many years. He organized a kind of school 
of pottery and created many works of art of folk crafts. 
Rakhimberdi Matchonov is one of the masters who made a huge 
contribution to the pottery school of Khorezm. It occupies a special place in the 
applied fine arts of Uzbekistan. Khorezm pottery school is separated from the 
pottery schools of Baku, Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Andijan, Fergana and 
other cities by its way and style, composition and color, dynamics and 
manufacturing technology. 

---

192