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NOT ALL SILENT LETTERS ARE COMPLETELY REDUNDANT
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SILENT LETTERS IN USE
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How do silent letters arise? Pronunciation changes occurring without a spelling change. The spelling was in Old English pronounced /x/ in such words as light. Sound distinctions from foreign languages may be lost, as with the distinction between smooth rho (?) and roughly aspirated rho (?) in Ancient Greek, represented by and in Latin, but merged to the same [r] in English. Similarly with / , the latter from Greek phi. Clusters of consonants may be simplified, producing silent letters e.g. silent	in asthma, silent in Christmas. Similarly with alien clusters such as Greek initial in psychology and in mnemonic. Occasionally, spurious letters are inserted in a spelling. The in debt and doubt was inserted to reflect Latin cognates like debit and dubitable. NOT ALL SILENT LETTERS ARE COMPLETELY REDUNDANT Silent letters can distinguish between homophones, e.g. in/inn; be/bee; lent/leant. This is an aid to readers already familiar with both words. Silent letters may give an insight into the meaning or origin of a word, e.g. vineyard suggests vines more than the phonetic 'vinyard' would. The final in giraffe gives a clue to the second-syllable stress, where 'giraf' might suggest initial-stress. Silent letters help to show long vowels e.g. rid/ride Silent letters help to show 'hard' consonants e.g. guest/gest They can help to connect different forms of the same word e.g. resign/resignation. Since accent and pronunciation differ, letters may be silent for some speakers but not others. In non-rhotic accents, is silent in such words as hard, feathered; in h-dropping accents, is silent. A speaker may pronounce in "often" or "tsunami" or neither or both. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SILENT LETTERS IN USE:- A - artistically, logically, musically, romantically, stoically B - climb, comb, crumb, debt, doubt, numb, plumb, subtle, thumb, tomb, C - acquire, acquit, blackguard, czar, muscle, scissors, victual D - handkerchief, Wednesday E - When added to the end of a word, it changes the pronunciation of the word, but is in itself, silent. F – halfpenny G - align, alight, champagne, diaphragm, gnash, gnaw, high, light,reign, though, H - choir, exhaust, ghost, heir, hour, khaki, thyme I – business J (none) K - blackguard, knead, knell, knickers, knife, knight, knock, knot, know L - calf, calm, chalk, folk, half, psalm, salmon, talk, yolk M – mnemonic N - autumn, chimney, column, condemn, damn, hymn, solemn O - colonel – opossum P - corps, coup, pneumonia, pseudo, psychology, ptomaine, receipt Q (none) R - butter, finger, garden, here, myrrh S - aisle, apropos, bourgeois, debris, fracas, island, isle, viscount T - asthma, ballet, castle, gourmet, listen, rapport, ricochet, soften, thistle U - catalogue, colleague, dialogue, guess, guest, guide, guilt, guitar, tongue V (none) W - answer, sword, two, whole, whore, wrist, writ, write X - faux pas Y (none) Z - laissez-faire, rendezvous Auxiliary letters which, with another letter, constitute digraphs, i.e. two letters combined which represent a single phoneme. These may further be categorized as: - "exocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is different from that of either of its constituent letters. These are rarely considered "silent". There are examples: + where the phoneme has no standard single-letter representation, as with consonants for /?/ as in sing,	for /?/ as in thin or /ð/ as in then, and for /?/ as in show, and diphthongs in out or in point. These are the default spellings for the relevant sounds and present no special difficulty for readers or writers. + where standard single-letter representation uses another letter, as with in enough or in physical instead of . These are irregular for writers but may be less difficult for readers. - "endocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is the same as that of one of its constituent letters. These include: + most doubled consonants, as in clubbed; though not geminate consonants, as in misspell. Doubling due to suffixation or inflection is regular; otherwise it may present difficulty to writers (e.g. accommodate is often misspelt) but not to readers. + the discontiguous digraphs whose second element is "magic e", e.g. in rate (cf. rat), in fine (cf. fin). This is the regular way to represent "long" vowels in the last syllable of a morpheme. + others such as (which is in effect the "doubled" form of ), as in guard, vogue; as in bread, heavy, etc. These are difficult for writers and sometimes for readers. Dummy letters which bear no relation to neighbouring letters and have no correspondence in pronunciation - Some are inert letters, where the letter is sounded in a cognate word: e.g. in damn (cf. damnation); in phlegm (cf. phlegmatic); in practically (cf. practical). If the cognate is obvious, it may aid writers in spelling, but mislead readers in pronunciation. - The rest are empty letters which never have a sound, e.g. in answer, in honest, in island, in subtle. These present the greatest difficulty to writers and often to readers. The distinction between "endocentric" digraphs and empty letters is somewhat arbitrary. For example, in such words as little and bottle one might view as an "endocentric" digraph for /?l/, or view as an empty letter; similarly with or in buy and build. The Mass Media involve Television, Radio, Press and of course, Internet, and besides, all way of communication. The Mass media can control the opinion public’s interests, and so that it has a vital importance nowadays. On the other hand, Society never has had a great variety of information than ever before. Due to the use of new technology and specially the internet, we get the free information at the press of a bottom. So, the role of the journalist and specially serious press have a great revelance. It is very important that journalists check their information carefully, and should have the obligation to inform their readers of the facts accurately. On the other hand, it’s very common that journalists concentrate their efforts on famous people, because it can appeal more readers, and therefore more publicity on their media platforms. During the last years, Yellow press had become very popular and had attracted a lot of readers. It is a kind of journalism which focuses on sensationalism and a way of exaggerating news. Generally speaking, it involves famous people’s life, celebrities’s scandals, gossiping, Violent crimes, Royal family and so on… It is covered by tabloids, magazines, websites… Nowadays, it is becoming more and more popular and successful, and appeal readers’s attention with eye-catching headlines, impressive pictures and so on….. In my opinion, in some cases, the governments are interested in this Yellow press, because people’s minds are occupatied in these banal cases and not the nation’s real problems. It can be very worrying, because this way people have not opportunity to think or to give their opinions, discuss the problems….. As far as I am concerned, public opinion can be influenced by the Mass Media, and it’s a terrible situation, because this trends to make people stupid. People have to be aware that they have to read realible news and serious press, in order to be very well informed. So that, the society would create a good knowledge of their society’s problems and realize of the real situation that surround us. Aerial A radio antenna, especially one suspended in or extending into the air.

How do silent letters arise?

Pronunciation changes occurring without a spelling change. The spelling was in Old English pronounced /x/ in such words as light.
Sound distinctions from foreign languages may be lost, as with the distinction between smooth rho (?) and roughly aspirated rho (?) in Ancient Greek, represented by and in Latin, but merged to the same [r] in English. Similarly with /
, the latter from Greek phi.
Clusters of consonants may be simplified, producing silent letters e.g. silent

in asthma, silent in Christmas. Similarly with alien clusters such as Greek initial
in psychology and in mnemonic.

Occasionally, spurious letters are inserted in a spelling. The in debt and doubt was inserted to reflect Latin cognates like debit and dubitable.

NOT ALL SILENT LETTERS ARE COMPLETELY REDUNDANT

Silent letters can distinguish between homophones, e.g. in/inn; be/bee; lent/leant. This is an aid to readers already familiar with both words.

Silent letters may give an insight into the meaning or origin of a word, e.g. vineyard suggests vines more than the phonetic 'vinyard' would.

The final in giraffe gives a clue to the second-syllable stress, where 'giraf' might suggest initial-stress.

Silent letters help to show long vowels e.g. rid/ride

Silent letters help to show 'hard' consonants e.g. guest/gest

They can help to connect different forms of the same word e.g. resign/resignation.

Since accent and pronunciation differ, letters may be silent for some speakers but not others. In non-rhotic accents, is silent in such words as hard, feathered; in h-dropping accents, is silent. A speaker may pronounce in "often" or "tsunami" or neither or both.
HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF SILENT LETTERS IN USE:-

A - artistically, logically, musically, romantically, stoically
B - climb, comb, crumb, debt, doubt, numb, plumb, subtle, thumb, tomb,
C - acquire, acquit, blackguard, czar, muscle, scissors, victual
D - handkerchief, Wednesday
E - When added to the end of a word, it changes the pronunciation of the word, but is in itself, silent.
F – halfpenny
G - align, alight, champagne, diaphragm, gnash, gnaw, high, light,reign, though,
H - choir, exhaust, ghost, heir, hour, khaki, thyme
I – business
J (none)
K - blackguard, knead, knell, knickers, knife, knight, knock, knot, know
L - calf, calm, chalk, folk, half, psalm, salmon, talk, yolk
M – mnemonic
N - autumn, chimney, column, condemn, damn, hymn, solemn
O - colonel – opossum
P - corps, coup, pneumonia, pseudo, psychology, ptomaine, receipt
Q (none)
R - butter, finger, garden, here, myrrh
S - aisle, apropos, bourgeois, debris, fracas, island, isle, viscount
T - asthma, ballet, castle, gourmet, listen, rapport, ricochet, soften, thistle
U - catalogue, colleague, dialogue, guess, guest, guide, guilt, guitar, tongue
V (none)
W - answer, sword, two, whole, whore, wrist, writ, write
X - faux pas
Y (none)
Z - laissez-faire, rendezvous

Auxiliary letters which, with another letter, constitute digraphs, i.e. two letters combined which represent a single phoneme. These may further be categorized as:
- "exocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is different from that of either of its constituent letters. These are rarely considered "silent". There are examples:
+ where the phoneme has no standard single-letter representation, as with consonants for /?/ as in sing,

for /?/ as in thin or /ð/ as in then, and for /?/ as in show, and diphthongs in out or in point. These are the default spellings for the relevant sounds and present no special difficulty for readers or writers.

+ where standard single-letter representation uses another letter, as with in enough or
in physical instead of . These are irregular for writers but may be less difficult for readers.
- "endocentric" digraphs, where the sound of the digraph is the same as that of one of its constituent letters. These include:
+ most doubled consonants, as in clubbed; though not geminate consonants, as in misspell. Doubling due to suffixation or inflection is regular; otherwise it may present difficulty to writers (e.g. accommodate is often misspelt) but not to readers.
+ the discontiguous digraphs whose second element is "magic e", e.g. in rate (cf. rat), in fine (cf. fin). This is the regular way to represent "long" vowels in the last syllable of a morpheme.
+ others such as (which is in effect the "doubled" form of ), as in guard, vogue; as in bread, heavy, etc. These are difficult for writers and sometimes for readers.

Dummy letters which bear no relation to neighbouring letters and have no correspondence in pronunciation

- Some are inert letters, where the letter is sounded in a cognate word: e.g. in damn (cf. damnation); in phlegm (cf. phlegmatic); in practically (cf. practical). If the cognate is obvious, it may aid writers in spelling, but mislead readers in pronunciation.
- The rest are empty letters which never have a sound, e.g. in answer, in honest, in island, in subtle. These present the greatest difficulty to writers and often to readers.
The distinction between "endocentric" digraphs and empty letters is somewhat arbitrary. For example, in such words as little and bottle one might view as an "endocentric" digraph for /?l/, or view as an empty letter; similarly with or in buy and build.

The Mass Media involve Television, Radio, Press and of course, Internet, and besides, all way of communication. The Mass media can control the opinion public’s interests, and so that it has a vital importance nowadays. On the other hand, Society never has had a great variety of information than ever before. Due to the use of new technology and specially the internet, we get the free information at the press of a bottom.

So, the role of the journalist and specially serious press have a great revelance. It is very important that journalists check their information carefully, and should have the obligation to inform their readers of the facts accurately. On the other hand, it’s very common that journalists concentrate their efforts on famous people, because it can appeal more readers, and therefore more publicity on their media platforms.
During the last years, Yellow press had become very popular and had attracted a lot of readers. It is a kind of journalism which focuses on sensationalism and a way of exaggerating news. Generally speaking, it involves famous people’s life, celebrities’s scandals, gossiping, Violent crimes, Royal family and so on… It is covered by tabloids, magazines, websites… Nowadays, it is becoming more and more popular and successful, and appeal readers’s attention with eye-catching headlines, impressive pictures and so on….. In my opinion, in some cases, the governments are interested in this Yellow press, because people’s minds are occupatied in these banal cases and not the nation’s real problems. It can be very worrying, because this way people have not opportunity to think or to give their opinions, discuss the problems…..
As far as I am concerned, public opinion can be influenced by the Mass Media, and it’s a terrible situation, because this trends to make people stupid. People have to be aware that they have to read realible news and serious press, in order to be very well informed. So that, the society would create a good knowledge of their society’s problems and realize of the real situation that surround us.
Aerial

A radio antenna, especially one suspended in or extending into the air.

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