Pedagogika instituti ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi chet tillar- ona tillari qiyosiy tipologiyasi

marbre).  
28.Reduction refers to various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which 
are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or 
position.
29.The accent is a relative prominence of a particular syllable of a word by greater 
intensity or by variation or modulation of pitch or tone.
30.Rhythm is the pattern or flow of sound created by the arrangement of stressed 
and unstressed syllables in accentual verse or of long and short syllables in 
quantitative verse.
31.Pysiological-acousticis is a branch of acoustics that studies the structure and 
branch function of the sound-detecting and sound-forming organs of man 
andanimals.
32.Obstruent is a speech sound such as [k], [d ʒ], or [f] that is formed by 
obstructing airflow.
33. Sonorant or Resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, 
non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that 
are most often voiced in the world's languages.
34.Unrounded is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, 
represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol.
35.Mid vowels.The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is 
positioned midway between an open vowel and a close vowel.
36.Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization 
of sounds in languages.
37.Linguistic prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not 
individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of 
syllables and larger units of speech.
38.The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the 
middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils. 144

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39.Morphology is the main part of grammar that studies parts of speech their 
categories and word systems.
40.Morphological level studies the smallest meaningful unit of a language – 
morpheme. The term morpheme is derived from Greek morphe ‗form‘ + -eme. 
The Greek suffix -erne has been adopted by linguists to denote the smallest 
significant or distinctiveunit.
41.Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that 
groups languages according to their common morphological structures.
42.Analytic languages show a low ratio of morphemes to words; in fact, the 
correspondence is nearly one-to-one. Sentences in analytic languages are 
composed of independent root morphemes.
43.Synthetic languages form words by affixing a given number of dependent 
morphemes to a root morpheme.
44.Due to the presence and absence of word forms (prefixes, infixes, suffixes) 
language, words are divided into those, which have affixes, and those, which do 
not have them.
45.Language that does not have affixes is called Isolate: Chinese, Japanese.
46.When a word is a whole sentence, this type is called Polysynthetic 
(American-Indian languages). These languages have a high morpheme-to-word 
ratio, a highly regular morphology, and the tendency for verb forms to include 
morphemes that refer to several arguments besides the subject.
47.Agglutinative languages have words containing several morphemes that are 
always clearly differentiable from one another in that each morpheme represents 
only one grammatical meaning and the boundaries between those morphemes are 
easily demarcated; that is, the bound morphemes are affixes, and they may be 
individually identified.
48.Morphemes in fusional languages are not readily distinguishable from the root 
or among themselves. Several grammatical bits of meaning may be fused into one 
affix. Morphemes may also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the 
root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or 
by suprasegmental features such as stress or tone, which are of course inseparable 
from the root.
49. The term grammatical category is based on grammar. It means the 
combination of the meaning, its form. (eg. Work+s =works / cat.of tense).
50.The syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the 
structure of sentences in a given language, specifically word order. The term 
syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes.[3] The 
goal of many syntacticians is to discover the syntactic rules common to all 
languages.
51.Syntactic typology is concerned with discovering cross-linguistic patterns in 
the formation of particular constructions, whether those constructions are phrasal, 
clausal, or sentential.
52.Nominative language is a languagewhere the single argument of an intransitive 
verb and the agent of a transitive verb (both called the subject) are treated alike and 
kept distinct from the object of a transitive verb.

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53.Ergative language is a language in which the single argument ("subject") of an 
intransitive verb behaves like the object of a transitive verb, and differently from 
the agent ("subject") of a transitive verb. For instance, instead of saying "she 
moved" and "I moved her", speakers of an ergative language would say the 
equivalent of "she moved" and "by me moved she".
54.Word order in linguistics typically refers to the order of subject (S), verb (V) 
and object (O) in a sentence. The arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or 
sentence. In many languages, including English, word order plays an important