Pedagogika instituti ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi chet tillar- ona tillari qiyosiy tipologiyasi

 
 

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Glossary 
1. Comparative typology is one of the branches of General Linguistics. It deals 
with comparison of languages irrespectively of their genetic or structural identity
2. The origin of the word typology is typos-means «type», logos- means 
«science».
3. Non-Linguistic typology serves as a method of comparison in all sciences 
besides linguistics.
4. The substantial comparison means thecomparison of some concrete things or 
objects.
5. The non-substantial comparison means thecomparison of systems and their 
elements.
6. Internal approach to language description deals with the cross system of any 
concrete language.
7. External approach to language description deals with the cross language 
description.
8. Panchronically means the comparison of language systems though they are 
living or dead.
9. Synchronically means thecomparison of language systems concerning modern 
period.
10. Diachronically means the comparison of language system from a historical 
viewpoint.
11. Genetic typology is a branch of Comparative typology, which studies the 
simi-larities, and differences of originally related languages. 12. Areal typology is 
a branch of Comparative typology that studies (using the methods of linguistic 
geography) distribution of linguistic phenomena in the spatial extent and 
interlingual (interdialectic) interaction.
13. Structural typology is the major branch of Comparative typology and aims to 
identify structural language types.
14. Language universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural 
languages, potentially true for all of them.
15. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding 
derivationalaffixes to different types of bases.
16. Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes.
17. Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes.
18. Contrastive linguistics is a practice-oriented linguistic approach that seeks to 
describe the differences and similarities between a pair of languages (hence it is 
occasionally called "differential linguistics").
19. The term 'phonetics' is the greek word ("phone"-meaning sound, voice and 
"tika" - a science/box). It is a science which studies the phonetic substance and the 
expression area of the language, or otherwise a physical media of a language 
(sounds, syllables, stress, and intonation).
20. From the acoustic and articulator points of view, the phonemic system of 
any language may be divided into vowels and consonants. 143

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21.Segmental phonology studies phonemes realized in avarious speech sound. 
Therefore, it may be called phonemics.
22. Suprasegmental phonology (prosodies) studies the distinctive features 
realized in syllables, stress, and intonation.
23.The Prague linguistic school was the center of phonological typology in its 
time. N.S. Trubetskoy is considered the founder of thetypology of thephonological 
system (theory of distinctive features).
24.Word stress or accent is usually defined as the degree of force or prominence 
with which a sound or syllable is uttered. Languages differ with word stress 
placement and degrees of it.
25.Intonation is a complex unity of speech melody, sentence stress, thetempo of 
speech, therhythm of speech, voice tember and pausation that enables the speaker 
to express his thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
26.When phonemes are pronounced in words, they change their place of 
articulation or their features, this process is called assimilation.
27.Dissimilation is the process by which one of two similar or identical sounds in 
a word becomes less like the other, such as the / in English marble (from French