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- Discussion and Conclusion
- 6.2. Groundwater Dependent Ecosystem Identification Overview
- Desktop Review of the Study Site in the GDE Context
- 6.3. Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems Risk Assessment Overview of GDE RISK Assessment Methodology
- Determine the magnitude of the risk to identified GDEs. (Section 7.2 – Table 7 of Kuginis et al 2012)
- Apply management actions, including mitigation associated with each ‘box’ in the risk matrix.
- Type and Location of GDE
- Aquifer type Coastal Sands. GDE types
- Criteria Attributes
Koala Observations No Koalas were observed. Scats and Scratches/Activity Levels (i) Scratches: Nil scratches were found. Detection of scratches was limited due to the trees being rough bark species. (ii) Scats: No scats were found and hence no Koala activity was recorded. Hence the SAT result was 0. The site thus does not contain an area of major activity. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2016 60 Figure 6: Local Koala records Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2016 61 Distribution of Koala Populations, Site Context and Linkages Regional and Local Government Area Distribution of Koalas (i) Regional Distribution of Koalas Koala numbers have declined throughout most of their previous range in NSW, with the main occurrences being in the northeast of the state (DECC 2008). Most coastal populations now persist in fragmented and isolated areas of habitat (predominantly secondary class A with some localised primary areas supporting high density populations), with extensive areas of potential habitat appearing to be devoid of Koalas (DECC 2008). In contrast, some well-known western populations appear to be increasing. The difference is considered to primarily be due to increasing development pressure eg from agriculture and urban expansion in the coastal region (DECC 2008, AKF 2008, 2007). In the north coast and mid-north coast regions, areas with large numbers of records are restricted to localities such as Ballina, Port Stephens, Port Macquarie, Coffs Harbour, Tweed and Lismore (Connell Wagner 2000b, Lunney et al 1999, Port Stephens Council 2001, DECC 2008, AKF 2008, 2007). The NSW Koala Recovery Plan (DECC 2008) notes that in addition to these major population centres are numerous small populations many of which are disjunct to urban and rural development, as well as natural barriers (DECC 2008). (ii) Distribution and Abundance of Koalas in the GTCC LGA: Koala records in the Greater Taree LGA have a contagious distribution, with the highest number of records coinciding with human settlement patterns (including roads). This pattern is typical of Koala records (Lunney et al 2009, Lunney et al 1999, Connell Wagner 2000a), often being a combination of observer bias (eg high density of observers, multiple records of same Koalas) and human settlement occurring in prime Koala habitat (eg fertile soils). Other records are centred in State Forests and state conservation reserves, with scant records in the more heavily cleared rural areas. The GTCC Koala populations are generally in the following localised areas: • West and north Taree to Wingham to Brimbin, and Yarratt State Forest/Goonook National Park. • Kiwarrak State Forest/Talawahl Nature Reserve. • Nowendoc National Park and associated State Forests. • Lansdowne State Forest • Crowdy Bay National Park • Halliday’s Point area Connectivity between the GTCC Koala metapopulation however is clearly constrained by large areas of cleared land, and natural physical barriers such as the Manning River. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2016 62 Figure 7: Coastal GTCC Koala records © OEH 2016 site Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 63 Linkages and Site Context Figure 7 shows the coastal distribution of Koalas in the GTCC LGA. This figure further reinforces the clustering of records associated with human settlement patterns, but also illustrates both the key population centres and the contagious nature of records. The latter as noted above, also reflects the history of habitat and hence population fragmentation and isolation of Koalas in the GTCC LGA, as noted by the AKF (2002). The key linkage in the site context is clearly the linkage of vegetation running from Saltwater National Park to Darawank Nature Reserve south of Hallidays Point. This linkage is the regional corridor named Saltwater – Darawa which is fragmented in part by residential development along the coast. Lot 18 falls wholly within this corridor but also offers an east/west linkage to Khappinghat NR via Moor Creek. This general area includes many of the Koala records within 5km of the site. Koalas can move across treeless paddocks using as little as 1 tree/ha, hence this fragmented landscape, while containing elevated predation threats, is Koala permeable over most of its extent. Discussion and Conclusion SEPP 44 defines Core Koala Habitat as “an area of land with a resident population of Koalas, as evidenced by attributes such as breeding females (that is, females with young) and recent sightings of and historical records of a Koala population”. The attributes are provided as examples of only some of characteristics a Core Koala Habitat may demonstrate, and thus to meet the definition of Core Koala Habitat, a site does not necessarily need to show all of these attributes, and may even show other evidence indicating the site is Core Koala Habitat. In regards to the two identified attributes though, the following is provided: • “Breeding females (that is, females with young)”. No female with young were recorded by this survey, nor are there other records indicating previous sightings. • “Recent sightings and historical records of a Koala population”. Koala records within the locality of the study site are extensive, many of which occur between 2000 and 2006. However there is not evidence to indicate the site forms part of the home range of Koala aggregate. This combined evidence thus leads to the conclusion that the survey site is Potential Koala Habitat but not Core Koala Habitat. Consequently, a Koala Plan of Management will not be required for future development. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 64 6.0 Groundwater Dependent Ecosystem Assessment 6.1. Introduction In response to the planning proposal to Rezone Lot 18 DP 576415, 'Seashells Resort', the NSW Planning & Environment (NSWP&E) have requested an assessment of the ecological values of the site, particularly the ‘Coastal Heath Paperbark’ community including its hydrological needs. Accordingly, the vegetation communities found on the survey site have been assessed in line with the Risk Assessment Guidelines for Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (Kuginis et al 2012). The application of this framework of assessment involves three stages; 1. Identification of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs): Section 6.2. 2. Assessment of the ecological value of high probability GDEs (and aquifers): Section 6.3.4 3. The determination of the risk of an activity to the ecological value of an aquifer and associated GDEs: Section 6.3.5 Following this, management strategies and actions recommended by Kuginis et al 2012 for aquifers and identified GDEs in the context of identified risks are provided in section 6.3.6. The result of this analysis will inform stormwater management for the proposal to avoid/mitigate impacts. 6.2. Groundwater Dependent Ecosystem Identification Overview Groundwater is defined as: ‘Water occurring naturally below ground level (whether in an aquifer or otherwise), including the saturated zone and the unsaturated vadose zone.’ (Kuginis et al 2012). Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) are defined as: ‘Ecosystems which have their species composition and natural ecological processes wholly or partially determined by groundwater.’ (Kuginis et al 2012). Therefore GDEs include any ecosystem that uses groundwater at any time or for any duration in order to maintain its composition and condition. This dependence on groundwater however can be variable, ranging from partial and infrequent dependence ie. seasonal or episodic; to total (entire/obligate), continual dependence (Kuginis et al 2012). It should be noted however that the demarcation between groundwater dependent terrestrial vegetation, wetlands and base-flow dependent systems can be difficult, with the three community types often representing a continuum of habitat (Kuginis et al 2012). GDEs occur in almost every environment across the landscape including terrestrial dry land, freshwater, marine and subterranean environments. Groundwater dependent vegetation and wetlands on the coastal plains in the study area can include paperbark swamp forests and woodlands distributed across coastal dunes and floodplains, swamp heaths and swamp sclerophyll forests and woodlands, swamp scrubs and heaths that occur on coastal dunes and swampy areas and swamp shrublands (Kuginis et al 2012). Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 65 In the context of this heterogeneity, Kuginis et al (2012) have developed a classification system for GDEs. Utilising this classification scheme, it can be concluded that both the paperbark swamp forest and wet heath communities on site present are terrestrial ecosystems dependent on groundwater or phreatophytic. Phreatophytes are plants that meet their water demand by water uptake from the groundwater or its capillary fringe. Desktop Review of the Study Site in the GDE Context In reviewing Kuginis et al (2012), it was shown that the study area falls within the Hunter Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority (HCRCMA), within the Great Lakes Coastal Sands Ground Water System. At a more local scale, it was found that the study area has the aquifer type known as an (unconsolidated) Coastal Sand Bed Aquifer. These are regarded as highly permeable systems easily recharged through rainfall. A review of the maps ‘High Ecological Value GDEs in Great Lakes Coastal Sands’ (Vol 3 Appendix 13, Kuginis et al 2012) and ‘High Probability GDEs in Great Lakes Coastal Sands’ (Vol 3 Appendix 5 Kuginis et al 2012) show a GDE occurring in the study area. This is described as GDE ID 19 Fern-leaf Banksia/ Prickly-leaved Paperbark/Tantoon/ Leptocarpus tenax wet heath on coastal sands of the Central Coast and lower North Coast which conforms to the observed wet heath community in the survey area. GDE ID 19 is described as being of high ecological value (HEV) with an obligate groundwater dependency (Kuginis et al 2012). A ‘High Priority GDE’ is a specific legislative management term used within the Water Management Act 2000 which refers to ecosystems which are considered high priority for management action. A High Priority GDE is one which has high ecological value (HEV), however a HEV GDE is not considered a High Priority Ecosystem from the management perspective, until it has been assessed through an interagency expert panel which includes groundwater and ecology experts. (Kuginis et al 2012). Through comparative analyses, Griffith & Wilson (2007) identified the Nabiac wallum as representative of the ecosystem throughout large parts of its range in eastern Australia. Wallum is the regionally distinct vegetation on coastal dunefields, beach ridge plains and sandy backbarrier flats in subtropical northern NSW and southern Queensland (Griffith et al. 2003). Wallum is widespread on coastal dunefields, beach ridge plains and associated sandy flats in northern NSW and southern Queensland. These sand masses contain large aquifers, and the wallum ecosystem is considered to be generally groundwater-dependent. According to Griffith et al (2003), h eathland is a significant component of wallum, and two subformations are generally distinguished on sandy Quaternary sediments (present on the study site): wet heathland in open depressions where a shallow watertable is present following rain; and dry heathland on free-draining dunes and beach ridges. Griffith & Wilson (2007) in their work at nearby Nabiac describe a heath community matching that observed at the survey site and GDE ID 19 by Kuginis et al (2012). The community described by Griffiths & Wilson (2007) is as follows: Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 66 “Wallum-Wet heathland: Mid-high to tall closed heathland; floristically variable. Frequent species on flats include the heath shrubs Banksia oblongifolia, Hakea teretifolia subsp. teretifolia, Leptospermum arachnoides and Xanthorrhoea fulva, along with the sedges Lepidosperma neesii, Leptocarpus tenax and Ptilothrix deusta.” This community is described as characteristic of poorly drained open depressions (swales) and flats with a shallow watertable (Griffith & Wilson 2007). Another desktop search was conducted via the Atlas of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems ( http://www.bom.gov.au/water/groundwater/gde/map.shtml ). This database records known occurrences of GDE’s. A number of GDEs are mapped within 3km of the study site, including some broadly described as Heath and Paperbark Forest within the GDE class “Ecosystems that rely on Subsurface presence of groundwater” (BOM 2016). Presently this database does not record every occurrence of GDE’s, and the study site and adjacent land is shown as “No Ecosystems Analysed” (BOM 2016). Conclusion Within the context of the Great Lakes Coastal Sands GWS, the two communities present in the survey site (swamp forest and wet heath) are considered to be GDEs with an obligate to proportional dependence on ground water within the literature reviewed . A risk assessment is now undertaken as per Kuginis et al (2012). Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 6.3. Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems Risk Assessment Overview of GDE RISK Assessment Methodology The following table shows the steps involved according to Kuginis et al (2012) which can be applied at the local scale to GDEs, or the landscape scale by application to aquifers. Figure 8: Ecological valuation and risk assessment process. Identify the type and location of GDEs. (Appendix 2 and Appendix 4 of Kuginis et al 2012) Infer or determine groundwater dependency. (Appendix 4) of Kuginis et al 2012) Identify High ecological Value Assets of aquifer. (Section 5.2.1 – Table 1 of Kuginis et al 2012) Determine ecological value of GDEs and the associated aquifer. (Section 5.2.2 – Tables 2 and 3 of Kuginis et al 2012) Determine the impact of an activity to identified GDEs. (Section 7.1 – Tables 5 – Appendix 5 of Kuginis et al 2012)) Determine the magnitude of the risk to identified GDEs. (Section 7.2 – Table 7 of Kuginis et al 2012) Apply the GDE Risk Matrix. (Section 8 – Figure 5 of Kuginis et al 2012) Apply management actions, including mitigation associated with each ‘box’ in the risk matrix. (Tables 8 and 9 of Kuginis et al 2012) The following details how these steps are applied to the site. Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 Type and Location of GDE In determining the magnitude of risk from an activity on a local GDE, the following baseline information is suggested to be collated by Kuginis et al (2012): Table 14: Aquifer/GDE summary information sheet (Corresponds to Appendix 4: Table 2 - Aquifer/GDE information sheet template (Kuginis et al 2012) Criteria Attributes Development proposal Proposed residential and tourist unit development - Lot 18 363 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach (refer DA No. 329/2010/DA), dam filling Groundwater management area / zone Great Lakes Coastal Sands. Aquifer type Coastal Sands. GDE types Groundwater Dependent Terrestrial Vegetation.- Phreatophytes Baseflow stream (Surface water ecosystem) GDE subtypes n/a Description Bioregion (terrestrial) NNC – NSW North Coast Catchment / subcatchment Khappinghat Creek/Moor Creek Landform description Backbarrier flats Geology description Quaternary (Pleistocene backbarrier flat) Area of aquifer (hectares) for Lot 18 ~5.431ha (Lot 18 total area) Area of GDE (hectares) ~1ha for each GDE present No. of GDE communities within survey site aquifer Two: • GDE PCT ID 1064 Paperbark swamp forest of the coastal lowlands of the NSW North Coast Bioregion and Sydney Basin Bioregion and • GDE PCT ID 1704 - Fern-leaf Banksia - Prickly-leaved Paperbark-Tantoon - Leptocarpus tenax wet heath on coastal sands of the Central Coast and lower North Coast • A drainage channel through the survey site can be defined as a baseflow stream surface water ecosystem and therefor another GDE type. This ecosystem was incorporated into the descriptions of the preceding two. GDE groundwater dependency High. Obligate to proportional dependency No. of unique GDE communities with aquifer n/a Any buffer zone, if prescribed nil Aquifer description Unconfined coastal sand bed aquifer Depth to water table (m) and variations and date recorded. ~1 metre. Variable from 0m (surface water/flooding) to an unknown depth. Current climatic conditions (when depth to water table was recorded). Record rainfall and temperature After rainfall Species List (if known) for GDE See Appendix 1 of this report and section 3.2 Keystone / flagship / indicator / endemic species (if known) Banksia spp. present in survey area, floristic changes overall Land tenure Private Land use Tourism accommodation GDE / Aquifer impact checklist See table 18. Impact is likely Ecological Assessment | Rezoning – Lot 18 Diamond Beach Rd, Diamond Beach | January 2015 Recharge (ML/yr) unknown Current allocation (ML/yr) n/a Topographic map name, number and scale Camden Haven 9434 1:100,000 Scale Criteria Attributes MGA zone Zone 56 Elevation (AHD) (m) 10.5m at eastern boundary to 5.0m at dam, 4-6m over survey site Water quality Salinity index: freshwater Other water quality / chemistry details Value High ecological value assets / high priority GDEs within the aquifer R HEV GDEs present in the survey site area. Refer to Table 16 and 17. Individual GDE ecological valuation Refer to Table 17. HEV GDEs present in the survey site area Aquifer ecological evaluation Refer to Table 16. Ecological hot spots ie. those subtypes determined to be of high ecological value HEV GDEs present in the survey site area, whole of survey site Protection status ie. area and type of protection, the percentage of national park / reserve Proposed to be rezoned Rural to E2. Risk High. Management action See Category C – Table 20 and 21. Risk matrix management actions for each matrix box (Kuginis et al 2012) Information sources Kuginis et al (2012). Other sources refer to references. Spatial layers include: vegetation information provided by OEH (VIS 1082) National Park estate layer SEPP 14 and SEPP26 layer provided by OEH Quaternary geological layer by the Geological Survey of NSW for the Comprehensive Coastal Assessment 2004 Corridors & Key Habitats layer by OEH Atlas of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems ( http://www.bom.gov.au/water/groundwater/gde/map.shtml ). Download 0.87 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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