Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
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PhD-Thesis-99
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- 7.3. HOW UNIVERSAL IS POLYSEMY
7.2.3. SUMMARY
Starting from the basic idea that polysemy is not to be localised on a single lexical item – the perception verb in this thesis –, in this section I have proposed two major constraints on polysemy: ‘graduable polysemy’ and ‘verb-property requirement’. Graduable polysemy states that the weight of the semantic content of the different elements in the overall meaning of a sentence is not the same in all extended meanings, but hierarchically organised in three different degrees: ‘unpredictable polysemy’, ‘verb- driven extensions’, and ‘argument-driven extensions’. B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 199 Verb-property requirement states that the properties that characterise the different elements that interact with the verb must not violate the prototypical properties that constitute the bodily basis upon which the polysemy of this semantic field is based. Polysemy, then, is constrained not only by the weight of the semantic content of each participating element in these extended meanings; but also by the specific choice of only those elements whose semantic content does not clash with the nature (properties) of the semantic field of perception. 7.3. HOW UNIVERSAL IS POLYSEMY? Throughout this thesis, I have been analysing and describing the polysemy that takes place in perception verbs. In Chapter 2, I gave a description of the different polysemous meanings that are found in this semantic field. Based on the linguistic framework of Cognitive Linguistics, and on Sweetser’s previous work on these verbs, I argued that these semantic extensions were not the result of chance, but that they were grounded in our experience of the senses themselves, on the way we perceive we use our five senses. Each sense is different from each other, and each sense is perceived in a different way from each other. These differences in the way we conceptualise each sense are shown and constrained by the way in which we create our language. Stemming from the typology of properties defined in Chapter 5 for the characterisation of this bodily basis for the different meanings in perception verbs, I introduced the processes called ‘Property Selection’ in Chapter 6. These processes are constraints on mappings between the source and the target domain, both in metaphorical and physical extended meanings. In preceding chapters, I have discussed another important issue: the question of whether these mappings across different conceptual domains are universal or specific to one language. According to cognitive linguistic theory, these mappings ought to be shared by different languages. If the semantic extensions that take place in a particular semantic field are based on, constrained and explained by our understanding and experience of the world in which we, as humans, live, it then follows that the different conceptualisations that we have, as well as the mappings between different conceptual domains of experience, have to be the same. B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 200 Based on the results from the synchronic analysis of perception verbs in Chapter 2, this statement seems to be true. In this Chapter, I not only analysed the meanings in English perception verbs, but also those in Basque and Spanish perception verbs. Although some of the extended meanings were particular to one of the languages, these three languages shared the majority of these meanings, despite the etymologically different origin of these verbs (see Chapter 3) and the differences between these languages. In sum, these results seem to support the universal character of these mappings between the physical domain of perception and that of internal self and sensations (Sweetser 1990). In this chapter, I have continued the discussion on polysemy from a different perspective. Here, I was not so much concerned about the conceptual mappings between different domains, but about the way in which these mappings are overtly expressed in a language. That is to say, how these polysemous senses are obtained in each language, how the meaning of the different elements that co-occur with the perception verb in the same sentence constrains and contributes to the creation of the extended meaning. I started the chapter by reviewing Brugman’s analysis of the English preposition over. I showed how some of the meanings attributed to this preposition were obtained through the interaction of the semantic content of this preposition and the other elements in the sentence (verb, noun, etc.). This same conclusion was supported by the analysis of tactile and olfactory verbs in Section 7.2. Based on these data, I introduced the concept of ‘graduable polysemy’. Graduable polysemy stated that the interaction between the semantic content of the different elements in a sentence – in this case, the tactile and olfactory verb and its arguments – is subject to three different degrees of compositionality. In Section 7.2, graduable polysemy was only applied to the semantic extensions of English tactile and olfactory verbs. However, as has already been pointed out in Section 7.1.2, the way languages have to express the same concepts is not always the same. What in one language can be expressed by one word (cf. Spanish subir), in others may need the interaction of the meaning of two different words (cf. English go up). That is to say, what in some languages are ‘unpredictable’ cases of polysemy in others may be B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 201 ‘predictable’ cases; what in some languages are ‘argument-driven extensions’, in others can be ‘verb-driven extensions’. In other words, graduable polysemy does not seem to be universal 151 , but specific to each language. Before we tackle the theoretical implications of this statement, let us illustrate this point with the last example from the previous section, reproduced here as (32). (32) John touched Mary In English, this is an example of unpredictable polysemy because the different polysemous senses of this sentence cannot be predicted by the meaning of the arguments the verb takes. The question now is whether in the other two languages under investigation, the same unpredictable polysemy is found as well. The same sentence can be translated into Basque (33) and Spanish (34). (33) Jonek Miren Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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