Polysemy and metaphor in perception verbs: a cross-linguistic study
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PhD-Thesis-99
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- 8.1. A new model for polysemy
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS
The work described in this thesis has been primarily concerned with the analysis of polysemy in the semantic field of perception verbs. This thesis set out to explore how and why these polysemous structures happen between the domain of physical perception and other different conceptual domains; and to what extent different languages share these polysemous senses. The data analysis presented in Chapter 2 showed that these verbs convey a wide range of both physical and metaphorical meanings apart from the prototypical physical sense perception, and that many of these extended meanings were found cross- linguistically. The revision of different approaches to polysemy in Chapter 4 indicated that polysemy must be analysed under two complementary perspectives. On the one hand, as proposed in Cognitive Linguistics, meanings are motivated and grounded more or less directly in experience, in our bodily, physical and social / cultural experiences, and then elaborated by structures of imagination such as metaphor. Therefore, it is important to establish what the bodily basis of the semantic field under investigation is because it explains why certain mappings between different domains of experience occur. On the other hand, as proposed in Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon, meanings are not obtained by means of only one lexical item, but by the interaction of the semantics of the different elements that occur in the same sentence. Therefore, it is important to analyse and state what elements and to what extent these elements contribute to the overall meaning. The framework developed in this thesis is summarised in the following section. 8.1. A new model for polysemy The model for the analysis of polysemy put forward in this thesis is composed of two related parts. One part is concerned with the explanation of conceptual mappings between different domains of experience; and the other part with the explanation of how these conceptual mappings are overtly expressed by lexical items in different languages. Figure 8.1 summarises this approach. 211 B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception Extended physical meanings Physical Prototypical Perception Extended abstract meanings (Bodily basis) (Bodily basis) overtly expressed by overtly expressed by lexical items whose lexical items semantic content creates different degrees of compositionality perception verbs -unpredictable polysemy -verb-driven extensions -argument-driven extensions (bodily basis) Figure 8.1: A new model for polysemy. 212 B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 213 The upper square in Figure 8.1 shows how the analysis of conceptual mappings between different conceptual domains of experience is carried out. Here, there are two different domains: the source domain of physical perception, and the target domain, composed of extended physical and abstract meanings. The source domain is characterised in terms of properties. These properties are to be considered the bodily basis upon which our sense-related vocabulary is based. The bodily basis of sense perception is the physiology of the five senses and the way in which human beings perceive the perceptual processes. Because it applies to all human beings that share the same cultural background, the bodily basis is not applicable to one language only, but cross-linguistic. The mappings between the source domain and the target domain are carried out by two different devices: Property Selection and Metaphor. Property Selection processes are used to show what properties from the set of properties that characterise the source domain are selected in the extended meanings. In these meanings, not all the properties that define the source domain are mapped, but only a selection of them. These processes show exactly what is transferred from one domain of experience onto the other. These processes take place in both physical and abstract extended meanings. Metaphor only applies to abstract meanings. This cognitive device makes it possible to link a physical domain with an abstract domain. Both Property Selection and metaphor are the cognitive tools that we have in order to map and structure our conceptual systems experientially. All extended meanings are therefore, constrained by the bodily basis of the source domain from which they originated, and structured by these two processes above. In this part, we have talked about mappings between different conceptual domains. The diagrams show how one conceptual domain, the source domain of perception, has created by means of different cognitive tools several other conceptual semantic extensions, i.e. knowledge, reasoning, emotion… In this sense, it is argued that the domain of physical perception is polysemous because it does not only refer to physical perception itself, but also to other domains of experience. The group formed by the conceptual mappings that take place between different domains of experience is called conceptual polysemy. B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 214 The lower square in Figure 8.1 describes the techniques that languages use to overtly express and obtain the extended meanings that correspond to conceptual polysemy of a specific semantic field; and how these techniques are constrained. Unlike the upper part, this is not cross-linguistic, but specific to one language. In other words, conceptual polysemy is based on, and constrained by, the bodily basis of a domain of experience. This bodily basis is shared by and common to all humans with the same cultural background, it then follows that conceptual polysemy is universal. However, the semantic content of lexical items varies in different languages. What in one language is expressed by two words, in other languages may need the contribution of three words, or just one, therefore language-specific. In this thesis, I chose perception verbs as the lexical domain which overtly expresses the source domain of physical perception. The next step is to show to what extent the semantic content of these verbs is responsible for the creation of these extended meanings, and to what degree the semantic content of other lexical items takes part in the creation of such meaning extensions. Graduable polysemy establishes and classifies the importance of the semantic content of these elements in the creation of such conceptual polysemy in three degrees of compositionality: (i) ‘Unpredictable polysemy’, when it is not possible to predict what the interpretation is by means of the choice of arguments, (ii) ‘Verb-driven extensions’, when it is the verb that mainly governs the choice of arguments and meaning, (iii) ‘Argument-driven extensions’, when the meaning is mainly determined by the verb arguments and other elements of the sentence. The choice of these different elements that contribute to build up the polysemous senses in different degrees is constrained by the verb property requirement. This requirement states that the properties that characterise the different elements that interact with the verb must not violate the prototypical properties that constitute the bodily basis upon which the polysemy of these verbs is based. This requirement also shows the way in which some properties that characterise these perceptual processes are highlighted by the semantic content of these elements. In sum, the model for polysemy proposed in this thesis comprises three stages of analysis: (i) to determine the bodily basis of the semantic field under investigation, (ii) to establish its conceptual polysemy, and (iii) to establish its graduable polysemy. B. Iraide Ibarretxe Antuñano Chapter 2: The Semantic Field of Sense Perception 215 Download 1.39 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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