Qala tunelleri

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Qala tunelleri Esabi

h₁ = H_кум* ρ_кум + 0.5 m * ρ_топр=2.5m*1.8kg/m³+0.5m*1.4 kg/m³=5.2 kg/m²
al , eger teń bolsa ańlatpani tómendegishe qoyamiz
h₁ = H_кум * ρ_кум
Uliwma tunelimizge tásir kórsetiwshi normativ kushlerdi jiynaymiz. Dáslep jer betinen tunel diywal qirina shekemgi araliqtaǵi kúshlerdi tómendegishe aniqlaymiz
q_n1 = h₁ + H_asfalt* ρ_asfalt = H_кум * ρ_кум + H_asfalt* ρ_asfalt (1)
al , eger teń bolmas ańlatpani tómendegishe qoyamiz
q_n1 = h₁ + H_asfalt* ρ_asfalt = H_кум* ρ_кум + 0.5 m * ρ_топр + H_asfalt* ρ_asfalt (1.1)
Variant boyinsha 1.1 ańlatpasi tuwri keledi sonliqtan oni tómendegishe esaplaymiz.
q_n1 = H_кум* ρ_кум + 0.5 m * ρ_топр + H_asfalt* ρ_asfalt = 5.2 kg/m²+ 0.28 m * 1.258 kg/m³ = 5.55 kg/m²
Tunel diywal qirinan baslap oniń ultan qirina shekemgi araliqtaǵi tásir etiwshi normative kúshlerdi esaplaymiz ol tómendegishe
q_n2 = H_топр* ρ_топр+ H_саз* ρ_саз+ H_ракош* ρ_ракош (2)
q_n2= H_топр* ρ_топр+ H_саз* ρ_саз+ H_ракош* ρ_ракош = 1.5 m * 1.4 kg/m³ +2 m * 2.1 kg/m³+ +1.5 m * 1.2 kg/m³ =8.1 kg/m²
Uliwma diywal qirina shekemgi tásir etiwshi jayiwshi kúsh P hám kóldeneń tásir etiwshi kúsh Q lardiń tásirin aniqlaymiz. Bul boyinsha jayiwshi kúshti maydan arqali tómendegishe aniqlaymiz.
S₁ = B*L (3)
S₂ = H*L (3.1)

Jayiwshi kúsh

P₁ = q_n1*S₁*γ (4)
P₂ = q_n2*S₂*γ (4.1)
Al kóldeneń tásir etiwshi kúsh
Q₁ = q_n1*L*γ (5)
Q₂ = q_n2*H*γ (5.1)
Uliwma moment tásir etiwshi kúshi tomendegishe
M = Q₁+ Q₂ (6)
Maydanlar S₁ hám S₂ tómendegishe aniqlaymiz.
S₁ = B*L= 24 m * 15m = 360 m²

S₂ = H*L= 6 m * 15m = 90 m²

Jayiwshi kúshler bolsa P₁ hám P₂ tómendegishe aniqlaymiz. Bul jerdegi γ mánisin kórsetilgen tablitsa boyinsha awir betonlar másine qarap alamiz γ=1.1 hám (4),(4.1) formular boyinsha aniqlaymiz

Qarsiliqlar túri

Beton

Shártli isshi koyfiy t senti
_b₂

Birinshi gruppa ushın betonniń esapli qarsiliǵi R_b hám R_bt, МПа (кгс/см²),
qisiliwdaǵi beton klassiniń bekkemligi

B2,5

B3,5

B7,5

В10

B12,5

B15

В20

B25

В30

B35

B40

B45

B50

B55

B60

Qisiliw shegarasi
R_b

Awir,
Mayda toltirǵishli hám jeńil

0,9

1,3

1,9

2,5

4,0

5,4

6,7

7,7

10,5

13,0

15,5

17,5

20,0

22,5

25,0

27,0

29,5

(13,3)

(19,4)

(25,5)

(40,8)

(55)

(68,5)

(78,5)

(107)

(133)

(158)

(178)

(204)

(230)

(255)

(275)

(300)

1,0

1,5

2,1

2,8

4,5

6,0

7,5

8,5

11,5

14,5

17,0

19,5

22,0

25,0

27,5

30,0

33,0

(15,3)

(21,4)

(28,6)

(45,9)

(61,2)

(76,5)

(86,7)

(117)

(148)

(173)

(199)

(224)

(255)

(280)

(306)

(336)

1,1

1,6

2,3

3,1

4,9

6,6

8,2

9,4

12,5

16,0

19,0

21,5

24,0

27,5

30,5

33,0

36,5

4-keste

P₁ = q_n1*S₁*γ = 5.55 kg/m² * 360 m² * 1.1 = 2197.8 kg
P₂ = q_n2*S₂*γ = 8.1 kg/m² * 90 m² * 1.1 = 801.9 kg
Kóldeneń kúshlerdi Q₁ hám Q₂ (5),(5.1) formular boyinsha aniqlaymiz

Q₁ = q_n1*L*γ = 5.55 kg/m² * 15 m * 1.1 = 91.57 kg/m
Q₂ = q_n2*H*γ= 8.1 kg/m² * 6 m * 1.1 = 53.46 kg/m

Uliwma moment kúshin (6) formula boyinsha tabamiz

M = Q₁+ Q₂ = 91.57 kg/m + 5.46 kg/m = 145.03 kg/m

Tabilǵan moment kúshi arqali tuneldiń uliwma jumishi armaturasin tómendegishe aniqlaymiz. Buǵan kóre hámme variyant ushın beton klassi B20 dan B35 klass araliǵindaǵlar tańlanadi. Armatura klassi bolsa AIII ten AIV klasslari tańlanadi.

Boylama armature muǵdarlarin tómendegi jaǵdaylarda kórip shiǵiladi. Belgini aniqlaymiz.

(7)
Eger _m  _R ( 1 hám 2 kestede), qisiliwshi armature esapta talap etilmeydi.
Kesimniń maydaninda qisiliwshi armaturani inabatqa almay soziliwshi armaturani tómendegi formuladan aniqlaymiz.
(8)
Bul jerde  — 3 kesteden aniqlanadi. Ol _m belgi mánisine tiyisli tabiladi.
Eger _m > _R, ol jaǵdayda kesim maydanin yamasa beton markasin joqarlatiwdi, yamasa qisiliwshi armaturani ornatiwdi talab etedi. Betonniń isshi shártli koyfiytsentin esapqa alip _b₂ = 1.1 soziliwshi armatiwra muǵdari salistriladi
Esaplaniw. beriliwi: kesim ólshemleri b = 1000 mm, T=500 mm; a = 40 mm; =_b₂ = 1,1 (hámme variantlar ushin) М = 145.03 kg/m; awir beton klassi В25 (R_b = 16 МПа); armatura klassi A-III (R_s = 365 МПа).
5-keste

	Birinshi gruppa ushın armaturaniń esapli qarsiliǵi, МПа (кгс/см²)
Armaturalardiń túri boyinsha klasslari	Soziliwdaǵi		Qisiliwdaǵi R_sc
	boylama R_s	Kóldenen (hamut hám oralǵan sterjenler) R_sw
Sterjenli klassi: А-I	225 (2300)	175 (1800)	225 (2300)
А-II	280 (2850)	225 (2300)	280(2850)
А-III diyametrli, mm: 6-8	355 (3600)	285 (2900) *	355 (3600)
10-40	365 (3750)	290 (3000) *	365 (3750)
Ат-IIIC	365 (3750)	290 (3000) *	365 (3750)
Simli klassi Вр-II diyametrli, mm: 3	375 (3850)	270 (2750); 300 (3050) **	375 (3850)
4	365 (3750)	265 (2700); 295 (3000) **	365 (3750)
5	360 (3700)	260 (2650); 290 (2950) **	360 (3700)

Beriliwdiń esaplaniw zárúriyati jumisshi boylama armaturaniń kesekesim maydanin aniqlaw A_S.
Esaplaniw. h₀ =T-a= 500 – 40 = 460 мм. Boylama armatura muǵdarlari shárt boyinsha tańlanadi. (7) shi formuladan kelip shiǵip _m mánisin tabamiz:

1 shi kesteden elementtiń beton klassi В25 armatura klassi A-III lar ushın _b₂ = 1.1 qarap _R = ? mánisin anaiqlaymiz .
1-кесте