Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
Properties of polysaccharide-based hydrogels
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3. Properties of polysaccharide-based hydrogels
The three-dimensional polymeric networks, hydrogels contain almost 90–99 % of water within the network. The high-water content may result in the inclusion of free proteins and other cells, which are free of aggregation and gives hydrogels a hydrophilic nature. Moreover, the high-water content, polymer network movements, and their association result in the viscoelastic nature of the hydrogels [128] . Both the physical (weak interaction), as well as chemical (strong interaction) cross-links between polymer networks, are responsible for the hydrogel gelation. In this context, hydrogel properties are defined by the nature of defor- mation after polymer relaxation ( Fig. 2 ). An ideal hydrogel needs to have the following desirable attributes [129,130] . i) Maximum absorption capability ii) The ideal pace of assimilation with regards to the usage prerequisite iii) Maximum assimilation under load iv) Regulated release of nutrients and drug v) Minimum soluble residual monomer vi) Minimum Price vii) Highest resilience and stableness within the inflammation sur- roundings (pH) as well as during storage Intelligent hydrogel products having assorted chemically, and structurally sensitive moieties demonstrate a response to outside stimuli like alteration in temperature, pH, change in ionic concentration, illu- mination, magnetic and electric fields, and chemical substances. Poly- mers having several amenable attributes are formed by mixing a couple of or even more stimuli-responsive systems ( Fig. 3 ). Intelligent hydro- gels alter their structure and change phase to outside stimulus and can be used for technological examination as well as for innovative scientific applications [131] . 3.1. Swelling capability Hydrogels are polymeric matrixes that swell but don't dissolve (in short term) in water. A study reported the presence of –OH–, CONH–, – CONH 2 – , and –SO 3 H groups are responsible for various character- istics of hydrogels. The water acts as a plasticizer after it enters the hydrophilic hydrogel resulting in the hydrogel swelling. The swelling ratio is the ratio of sample weight at swelling to the sample weight at de- swelling [133] . The extent to which a hydrogel is swollen is measured by the degree of swelling, which is characterized by various factors among which interaction between solvent and polymer, nature of the solvent, preparatory method, and network density are prominent ones. Quintero et al. [134] found that an increase in ionic strength of saline water reduced the swelling capacity of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel films. Swelling properties can be deter- mined by water uptake measurements or scanning electron microscopy [135] . High methylated pectin (with an optimum level of 6.7 wt%) and Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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