Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative
Current State of Information Technology Outsourcing
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Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A
Current State of Information Technology Outsourcing
Worldwide, corporations spent $117.7 billion on ITO in 2011. U.S. firms alone spent $47.7 billion on ITO during 2011, and between 2005 and 2008 the U.S. ITO market grew between 3% and 4% annually. During the 2009 recession, the ITO market declined by over 4% but rebounded to pre-recession growth levels in 2010 and 2011. Despite recent growth, industry research firm IDC forecasts an ITO market slowdown over the next several years to near zero growth by 2015 as a result of continued pressures for firms to reduce IT operating expenses 11 (Tapper, 2011). Companies strive to reach customers wherever they are. In today’s mobile technology driven market, existing and potential customers are everywhere. There are over “800 million smartphones, 1.5 billion PCs, 3.5 billion mobile phones, and 5 billion Internet-connected devices” (Karamouzis, 2012, p. 3) in the word today. The rapid convergence of social media, mobile computing, smart devices, cloud-based services, and predictive analytics is creating an ITO paradigm shift within many firms. The IT function of software development, in particular, is one where outsourcing innovations are occurring (McCarthy et al., 2011). Within the staff augmentation paradigm, imitation seems to have influenced ITO clients’ and vendors’ sourcing approaches. Today, the shorter product lifecycles driven by rapid technology changes are challenging this approach. Market changes are creating client demand for outsourcing firms to invest in building deeper industry domain skills (i.e. focused on an entire business/IT vertical capability such as distribution, marketing, or human resources). Furthermore, firms are seeking providers who can deliver end-to-end software development services and offer capabilities to accelerate their time to market such as specialized labs for mobility technology innovations (McCarthy et al., 2011). There is a key difference between the early outsourcing deals on the scale of the EDS-Blue Cross and Kodak-IBM agreements and the more recent phenomenon of managed services. The EDS-Blue Cross and Kodak-IBM agreements are examples in which firms turned over the operations of entire IT departments or data centers to third parties. Also, the classic outsourcing examples treated the outsourced work as a separate organization. Managed services agreements, on the other hand, involve the outsourcing of large, but self-contained, functions of the IT organization (Dibbern et al., 2004). 12 The outsourced functions under a managed services contract remain part of the client’s day-to-day operations, but are staffed predominantly with vendor personnel. The value for clients from these arrangements goes beyond the cost savings and flexibility of staff augmentation. Contract provisions such as exclusivity, revenue sharing, and revenue reinvestment are potential areas of additional value for clients. From the service providers’ perspective, they benefit from an annuity relationship with clients versus variable revenue streams under staff augmentation models (Dibbern et al., 2004). Perhaps the most recent trend in managed services contracts is the work of Vitasek, Ledyard, and Manrodt’s Vested Outsourcing (2013). Their work attempts to shift outsourcing clients and suppliers away from the historical, transaction-volume fee-based approach (such as cost per minute to answer call-center phones, cost per mile to ship a product, or cost per server managed). Rather, the authors’ “vested” approach is based upon game theory and behavioral economics. Ideally, contracts are structured to pay providers for achieving measurable business results (such as call center customer satisfaction, product delivery-date accuracy, or amount of server availability), not just for performing tasks or activities. The approach focuses more on performance incentives for the supplier than cost and service-level tradeoffs for the buyer. The “vested” model has gained in popularity and recognition over the last few years in a variety of industries. However, it has had relatively little implementation in IT services or application development where gaining alignment on defined, measureable outcomes remains a challenge with internal stakeholders, let alone between contracting firms and suppliers desiring to implement this model in a commercial relationship. Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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