Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative


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Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A

Normative Research and Theory 
 
Because this research seeks to develop a grounded theory of how and why a major 


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outsourcing project unfolded as it did within one corporation, it falls within a branch of 
outsourcing studies concerned with “diffusion” models. These models consider how new ideas or 
innovations spread through a given organization or field. Originally published in 1962, the 
central work on diffusion theory—now in its fifth edition—is Everett Rogers’s The Diffusion of 
Innovations
(2003). Rogers defines an innovation as “an idea, practice, or object that is perceived 
as new by an individual or another unit of adoption” (p. xxi). Diffusion of innovations, then, is 
the “process in which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time and the 
members of a social system” (p. 5). The diffusion literature spans several domains, including 
marketing consumer products (Peres, Muller, & Mahajan, 2010), business process adoption 
(Ehigie & McAndrew, 2005), and the spread of technology (Diamond, 1996). 
The intersection of innovation-diffusion research and outsourcing first occurred with the 
Loh and Venkatraman (1992) study of the 1987 Kodak-IBM outsourcing agreement. It depicted 
this “Kodak effect” as the pivotal event accelerating the diffusion of outsourcing as a legitimate 
business strategy. The researchers were also the first to consider ITO as an administrative 
“innovation” due to the significant changes ITO introduces to organizations’ relationships with 
external firms and internal processes. The key research issue Loh and Venkatraman (1992) 
sought to examine concerned the sources of influence for firms to adopt large outsourcing 
initiatives. The researchers performed a review of major newspapers between 1988 and 1990 to 
identify 60 outsourcing decisions by public and private U.S. institutions. 
Focusing primarily on the communication channel aspect of Rogers’s (2003) diffusion 
framework (i.e., innovations, communication channels, time, and social systems) Loh and 
Venkatraman (1992) sought to determine the influence of internal, external, and mixed 
communication channels on these outsourcing decisions. Their findings suggest that internal 


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factors influence outsourcing significantly more than external factors. Additionally, they 
indicated that internal influences became stronger over time following Kodak’s successful 
strategy. 
The significance of the Loh and Venkatraman’s (1992) study is the implication that 
outsourcing decisions made by competitor or peer firms are a stronger influence on potential 
adopters than mass media messages or vendor persuasion. Specifically, they suggest ITO adopter 
behavior represents what DiMaggio and Powell (1983) term “institutional isomorphism” in the 
ITO supply and demand market. Thus, firms employ ITO strategies because other firms do and 
attempt to mimic those companies perceived as most successful. Strategy imitation can be a 
stronger influence on adopter behavior than alternative points of view. 
Most of the dominant ITO literature reviews (Dibbern et al., 2004; Gonzalas et al., 2005; 
Blaskovich & Mintchik, 2011) support Loh and Venkatraman’s (1992) conclusion that the 
Kodak and IBM agreement served as a legitimizing and isomorphic event (i.e., the Kodak effect) 
on the acceptability of large outsourcing partnerships. However, Hu, Saunders, and Gebelt 
(1997) dispute Loh and Venkatraman’s (1992) conclusions regarding the influence of peer firms 
over the influence of vendors and the media. They also note Loh and Venkatraman (1992) 
actually used external media sources to gather their data rather than potential outsourcing 
adopters. According to Hu et al. (1997), all ITO communication channels combined (i.e., peers, 
vendors, and media) represent a stronger influence on ITO decisions than just the decisions of 
other firms. 

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