Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative
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Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A
Capital.
Bourdieu argued that the social world is accumulated history affected through the use of capital, or accumulated labor, which shapes and reproduces the power structures in a social group or broader field. Unlike theories suggesting equal opportunity or perfect and rational competition within social structures, Bourdieu’s suggests that capital, manifested and distributed through its different forms, represents the inherent structure of the social world as we experience it. One’s chance of success in any social practice is dependent upon one’s access to and deployment of capital (1983/1986). Capital’s forms include economic, social, and cultural capital. Economic capital is the most readily converted into money or established in the form of property rights. Social capital represents one’s “connections,” or the groups and individuals one has access to. Social capital can be converted into economic capital, and may be institutionalized though a family name, title 20 of nobility, or affiliation with a tribe, school, or organizational team. The amount of social capital one possesses is dependent on one’s ability to mobilize the maximum number of resources within one’s network and access the amount of economic, social, or cultural capital possessed by each of those members (Bourdieu, 1983/1986). Cultural capital can exist in three different forms. In its “institutionalized” state, cultural capital can be manifested through one’s academic qualifications. The differences in the value of institutionalized cultural capital are linked to the different institutions that bestow these credentials (Bourdieu, 1983/1986). For example, a Master’s degree from an Ivy League school may confer more cultural capital to the holder than the same degree earned from a state college. Institutionalized cultural capital makes it possible to place a comparative value on qualification holders who can convert cultural capital into economic capital (Bourdieu, 1983/1986). The “objectified” state of cultural capital can take the form of physical and cultural artifacts such as books, paintings, and monuments. This form of capital can also be converted and transferred as economic capital, i.e. one can purchase a book. However, the means or knowhow to consume these artifacts is less transferable and requires the accumulation and deployment of the cultural capital in its final, “embodied” form (Bourdieu, 1983/1986). Embodied cultural capital takes time to accumulate. The individual must invest time and personal effort to acquire it, which makes it difficult to delegate or directly transfer like economic capital. Embodied capital is converted into a habitus dependent upon the society and social class one is in, and cannot be accumulated or transmitted beyond the capabilities of the individual. Therefore, it may go unrecognized as an actual form of capital and instead becomes a legitimated, non-economic form of class hierarchy and domination continually reproduced within the social structure or broader field one is in. Embodied capital is a symbolic, as opposed 21 to material, form of capital, whose transmission is largely hidden yet can be a significant cause of inequality (Bourdieu, 1983/1986). Within this research, the possession, or lack thereof, of cultural capital played a significant role in executive relationships and employee-contractor relationships as the outsourcing program was in its early phases of implementation. Field. Another lens from Bourdieu relevant to this study is his concept of “field” as the social arena and power structure positioning individuals based upon their habitus and the economic, social, and cultural capital they possess. Relationships and interactions between individuals in any given field are a type of market exchange where individuals develop “products” that are valuable to others in the field. Bourdieu discussed the concepts of an “economy” and “market” for symbolic goods within the literary and artistic fields where individuals use their power through any number of social institutions within the field such as galleries and patrons. The concept is equally applicable to other fields such as religion, politics, business, and academics. Thus, we can think of fields as quasi-competitions to create, accumulate, and control the types of capital most valuable to other members of that field (Bourdieu, 1993). Bourdieu’s concept of field is not dissimilar to Kuhn’s work on paradigms and scientific research (2012), which I discuss in an upcoming section. This research will draw attention to the business field within which Icarus exists and its influence on executives’ decision making. Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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