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Madurese (all from Java), Batak (Sumatra), Balinese (Bali), Tetun (Timor). The 
languages of the Philippines (Tagalog, Ilocano, Visayan). The many non-Chinese 
languages of Taiwan (like Amis, Atayal, Paiwan, Tsou). These languages are found 
in Indo-China: Cham is spoken in Vietnam. It was the language of a pre-Vietnamese 
Hindu Chamba Empire. The present speakers are Muslim. In the Pacific, languages 
like Maori (New Zealand), Fijian, Tahitian, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Chamorro 
(Cham), and Hawaiian. 
An interesting exception is Malagasy, which is spoken in Madagascar, a large 
island off the coast of southern Africa. Its nearest linguistic relative is spoken in 
Borneo. Over 1500 years ago, people from the islands of Indonesia migrated in boats 
across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. Here, they picked up African culture, but 
their language gives away their origins. 
These languages have fairly simple noun and verb forms. Malay has no 
inflections for tense or case. Plurals are made by doubling the word (ANAK -child, 
ANAK ANAK - children). This is called Reduplication and is commonly used to 
enhance grammatical meanings. Passive forms of verbs are commonly used (let the 
guide be followed rather than follow the guide). 
Javanese has a special vocabulary used to and by chiefs. Some peoples have 
secret languages used only by certain trades, like fishermen and miners. Balinese has 
three formal registers. The word eat is NAAR in the lowest formality, NEDA in the 
middle formality, NGADJENGANG in the most formal. In Cham, men and women's 
speech differs. 
The possessive pronouns (my / our) are more complex than, the noun forms 
and have differing forms depending on the item possessed. In some of the Pacific 
languages, the possessive pronouns have a form for alienable possession (something 
that is possessed temporarily like a car or book), and a form for inalienable