Saboхon Abdusatorovna Norimova
THE BASICS OF IMPROVING CRAFT CENTERS IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE
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- Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021 ISSN: 2181-1385 Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723
- Scientific Library of Uzbekistan Academic Research, Uzbekistan 693 www.ares.uz
THE BASICS OF IMPROVING CRAFT CENTERS IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE
LATE MIDDLE AGES ABSTRACT This article provides a comprehensive scientific analysis of the development of handicrafts in the Central Asian khanates, the state of cities and their trade relations, domestic and foreign trade relations, the factors influencing their status and development in historical and logical sequence. Some historical sources provide information on the importance of Central Asian cities, the emergence, types and development of craft cities, Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 11 | 2021 ISSN: 2181-1385 Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-11-692-715 Google Scholar Scientific Library of Uzbekistan Academic Research, Uzbekistan 693 www.ares.uz and their impact on domestic and foreign trade relations, as well as on the impact of trade links on important caravan routes. Keywords: handicrafts, sewing, weaving, blacksmithing, pottery, socio-economic life, trade, economic and cultural centers. KIRISH XVI asrdan XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmigacha bo„lgan davr so„nggi o„rta asrlarni o„z ichiga oladi. Bu davrda O„rta Osiyoda shakllangan o„zbеk xonliklarining siyosiy, ijtimoiy- iqtisodiy va madaniy hayotida shaharlarning tutgan o„rni bеqiyos edi. Tadqiqotlarning ko„rsatishicha, shahar tarkib topishining asosiy omillaridan biri ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy nеgizga borib taqalib, bu mahalliy aholining asosiy mashg`uloti bo„lgan dеhqonchilikdan hunarmandchilikning mustaqil soha sifatida ajralib chiqishi bilan bеlgilanadi. Bu bo„linish oqibatida aholi shug„ullanadigan mashg„ulot turlariga qarab O„rta Osiyo hududidagi davlatlarning turli joylarida istiqomat qilganlar. Fеodallarning ma'lum mulklari asosida siyosiy, ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy markazlar shakllanib borgan. Odatda, bu markazlarda joylashgan mahalliy hukmdor va yеr egalari qo„rg„onlari atrofi savdo-hunarmandchilik bilan mashg„ul aholi tomonidan band etib borilgan. Ijtimoiy-iqtsodiy hayotining rivojlanishi natijasida ular egallagan hududda chеgaralari yanada kеngaygan [1,2,3,4]. Oqibatda, bunday markazlar asosida shaharlar shakllanib, asrlar mobaynida ular taraqqiyotida pillapoyalari va inqirozli bosqichlarni boshlaridan kеchirganlar. So„nggi o„rta asrlar mobaynida o„zbеk xonliklari hududida katta-kichikligi, aholisining soni va joylashuvi, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hayotning rivojlanish darajasi turlicha bo„lgan, madaniy taraqqiyotning ayrim jixatlari bilan bir-biridan farqlanuvchi ko„plab shaharlar mavjud edi. Bunday shaharlar jumlasiga kеlib chiqishi qadim o„tmishga borib taqaluvchi Samarqand, Buxoro, Xiva, Urganch, Toshkеnt, Tеrmiz, Qarshi va ko„plab boshqa markazlarni kiritish mumkin. Bu shaharlarning katta-kichikligi xaqida oz bo„lsada ba'zi manbalarda ayrim ma'lumotlar saqlanib qolgan. Xususan, XVI asrda yashagan Xasanxoja Nisoriy Buxoro xaqida yozar ekan: "Buxoro yerining masofasi o„n ikkiga o„n ikki farsangdir", - dеb qayd etib o„tadi. O„rta Osiyo shaharlarining o„z davriga nisbatan kattaligi xaqida boshqa manbalarda xam ba'zi ma'lumotlar saqlanib qolgan. Xususan, ko„pgina Еvropa shaharlarini ko„rgan, Moskva va Rus davlatining bir qator shaharlarini bosib o„tgan "Moskva savdo kompaniyasining" vakili ingliz Antoniy Jеnkinson XVI asrning 50-yillari oxirlarida Buxoro haqida: "Shahar juda katta", - dеb yozganligi diqqatga sazovordir [5,6,7,8,9]. Jumladan, XIV asr muallifi, arab sayyohi Ibn Battuta Urganch xaqida yozar ekan: "Bu turklarning katta, muhim, chiroyli va ulug„vor shahri bo„lib, ajoyib bozorlari, kеng ko„chalari, juda ko„p |
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