Samarkand state institute of foreign languages english faculty II department of integrated course of english language

Morphemes: the minimal units of meaning. The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed, is morphology. This word itself consists of two morphemes: morph + ology. The suffix –ology means “science of” or “branch of knowledge concerning”. Thus, the meaning of morphology is “the science of word forms”.]
Part of knowing a language is knowing its morphology. Like most linguistic knowledge, this is generally unconscious knowledge.
According to their morphological structure words are divided into:
monomorphemic (articles, conjunctions, some prepositions);
 polymorphemic (comprising more than one morpheme).
Morphological structure of a word can be transparent and easily analyzable:
one morpheme boy
desire
two morphemes boy + ish
desire + able
three morphemes boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity
four morphemes un + desire + able + ity
more than four un + gentle + man + li + ness
In traditional grammar there are two basic criteria to study morphemic structure of a word: positional and semantic (functional).
The positional criterion presupposes the analysis of the location of the marginal morphemes in relation to the central ones:
 opening – going;
 closing – going;
 internal or central– ungentlemanly;
 external or marginal–ungentlemanly;
Semantic or functional criterion studies the contribution of the morpheme to the general meaning of the word.

2. 
   Word formation
   

Word formation refers to the processes that make it possible to create new words using the grammatical resources available in the language. Of course, these processes must comply with the rules of the language, that is, the rules of grammar. The word "email" is a real word in the English language, as are other possible words such as "bootloader" or "reboot"; because they follow the same rule of word formation that allows us to use words like writer or dreamer in English. Let's assume as we did in the previous section. Since words are made up of morphemes, the rules of word formation contain a system of morphemes within words from which we can learn. Let's use some background to understand what we mean by morpheme modeling.

room	rooms	*sroom	*roosm
darkroom	*roomdark	darkrooms	*darksroom
unhappy	*happyun	happily	*lyhappy
commit	commitment	commitments	*commitsment
songbird	birdsong	*unments	*mently

We observe that:
• Morphemes must appear in certain places of the word. For example, the {plural} morpheme in rooms, written -s, should come at the end of a word, not at the beginning (sroom) or in the middle (roosm).
• which word group lexical morphemes belong to is important for their classification in complex words. The darkroom, songbird, and birdsong forms are well formed, while the roomdark form is not.
• Some bound forms must come before others. Obligations of the form are accepted, while the obligation form is not.
• Linked shapes cannot be combined with each other. Neither unments nor mently are the two free forms of birds that are well formed.
Observations like these help us tell apart different types of morphemes, which in turn helps us tell apart different word formation processes.
There are two players involved in word formation processes. If we think of building words as we think of, say, building a wall, we need the items that we are going to put together (morphemes, or bricks of various types) and we need a way of putting them together (rules, or a building plan). Attempting to fit morphemes together at random won’t result in words, just like throwing bricks around or heaping them together won’t build a wall. We need both building blocks and constraints to build walls and words properly.
In word formation, the building blocks are of two types, and so are the constraints.