Samarkand state institute of foreign languages english faculty II department of integrated course of english language

Conclusion on chapter I
This chapter examines various processes, often referred to as word formation processes in the literature, that allow language users to create new words, with particular emphasis on processes involving the grammatical composition of words. Semantically complex words can be idiomatic or non-idiomatic. Compound words can be morphologically motivated, in which case they are non-idiomatic. The meaning of the word Suitcase is the sum of the meanings of the stems that make up this compound word (the meaning of each stem is preserved).
When a compound word is not morphologically motivated, it is idiomatic. In idiomatic compounds, the meaning of each component is either lost or weakened. Idiomatic compounds have a figurative meaning. For example, Butterball is not a ball made of butter, it is some kind of thick one, especially for children; the combination is used figuratively.
Two restrictions help us understand word formation. Returning to our wall-building analogy, they reflect the general idea that walls are built layer by layer and that each brick added to a wall is actually building a small wall that nestles neatly into its neighbors. When we form words, we think in a similar way: compound words are built step by step from stems and/or affixes, and every word in between must itself be a well-formed word. As shown in the example, a verbal obligation is formed by adding the affix -s to the preposition forming the word obligation, adding a new correctly formed stem, to which -s is in turn added. Also, if we know that dark room in the compound word dark room is a noun and comes before the adj. In English we can explain why a dark room has the right shape and a dark room does not.
CHAPTER II
MINOR TYPES OF WORD-FORMATION
2.1. Secondary types of modern word formation
In addition to the main types, there are secondary types of modern word formation: reduction, confusion, abbreviation, sound substitution, onomatopoeia, specific emphasis, inversion and reduplication.
Refusal
Abbreviation is cutting off part of a word to form a new word. The beginning, middle and end of words can be trimmed:
· apheresis - the initial part of the word is cut off, e.g. history → story, phone → phone;
· pass out - the middle part of the word is cut off, e.g. lady → lady; features → glasses
· apocopa - for example, the last part of the word is cut off. professor → professor, vampire → vamp;
· initial and final, e.g. flu → flu, detective → technology.
Polysyllabic words are usually limited to only one meaning. Let's consider an example: the word "doctor" means 1) "learned to treat patients"; 2) "one who holds the highest degree awarded by a university." Thus, this word can be cut only in the first sense, e.g. doc.
Among abbreviations, homonyms can be distinguished, so the same sound and graphic lexical unit can mean, for example, different words. vac - rest and vacuum, vet - vet and veteran.