Samarkand state institute of foreign languages english faculty II department of integrated course of english language

The building blocks. Stem: a morpheme, or a word, to which other morphemes can attach.
Affix: a morpheme that attaches only to a stem.
How does this help to save some of the two ascendants? From the data we can see that the words "obligation" and "fortunately" are correct, ammunition *mently is not. For now, we can take a look at the participants, andy, what happened. Both "obligatory" and "excessive" compounds, that is, words that contain only a few morphemes. Both words are made up of a stem and an affix: "commit" has the stem "commit" with the affix -ment, and "happy" has the stem "happy" with the affix -ly. . big On the contrary, if we consider *mently as a compound word, it is not a stem and an affix, but consists of two affixes (-ment and -ly) connected to each other. But our tariff for businessaffixes shows that affixes are attached not to other affixes, but to stems.
There is another term that guards against the technical root of the word. In the word "obligation" this root is the word "obligation" and is derived from the compound word "obligation". We say that the root of the word "Obligation" is "Obligation". The root of a compound word is a word without all its affixes. This word formation process can be implemented from here:
Results
root commit + affix -ment → efficiency
root of efficiency + affix –lar → efficiency
This example shows that a root stem can grow, but not all stems are roots.
The constraints
Hierarchy: the internal structure of complex words is hierarchical.
Well-formedness: each step in word formation must produce a well- formed word of the language.
Major word formation processes. Obviously, word formation itself can only deal with words that can be analyzed both structurally and semantically. Simple words are closely related to word formation, as they serve as the basis for derivative and complex words. Therefore, words like consumer, misunderstanding, no sugar, etc. are the subject of the study of word formation, but words like consume, understand, free have nothing to do with this.
Scheme:

WORDFORMATION



WORDDERIVATION



CONVERSION



AFFIXATION


WORDCOMPOSITION

When we talk about word formation, we can distinguish two ways of forming new words: affixation and conversion.

Affixation is the formation of a new word using affixes (happiness, spelling error). Affixation can be divided into addition and prefixation.
In modern English, suffixes are characteristic primarily for the formation of nouns and adjectives, and prefixes are characteristic primarily for the formation of verbs. This type of word formation includes the word-formation composition of words: word-formation stems, word-formation affixes and word-formation patterns.
The stem of a word is a part of a word that establishes a connection with a lexical unit, motivates derivation and determines its individual lexical meaning, describing the difference between words of the same set of derivations. For example, a single lexical meaning of the words consumer, merchant, teacher is represented by the lexical meaning of word-formation bases denoting active performers of an action: consumption-, labor-, teaching-.
Structural affixes are direct components of words that are formed in all parts of a sentence. Word-forming affixes are added to word-formation stems. Affixes can be of two types: prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes are placed before the main word. They change the lexical meaning, but rarely translate the word into another part of speech: rumor(in) → rumor(in), fair (adj) → unfair (adj), president(n) → former president(n) and others. .. .
Adverbs follow the stem. They also change the lexical meaning, but do not necessarily translate the word into another part of speech: king (n) → kingdom (n), book (n) → book (adj), post (adj) → post (adv), etc. . .
A pattern is a regular semantic arrangement that imposes strict rules on the order and nature of the affixes that can be combined to form a stem word and a new word. Patterns are usually represented in a generalized form using symbols: lowercase letters v, n, a, g, which indicate parts of speech: verbs, nouns, etc. Structural patterns are also known as structural formulas. Examples of word formation schemes are given: n+-sf → N (friendship+friendship), v+-sf → N (sing+er) and others.
Conversion is the formation of a new word by placing the stem of an existing word in another paradigm (fly (noun) - fly (verb)), thus changing the category of the part of speech without adding any derived elements. 'changes. the original and modified words became homonyms. For example, the paradigm of the verb to fly: fly, fly, fly, fly, fly, the paradigm of the noun fly is different: fly (sg) and fly (pl).
Conversion is a highly productive form of word formation in modern English. This is common among verbs and nouns. Modified words can sound very colloquial, for example: I'll cook the chicken in the microwave. This type of word formation in the English language is explained by the analytical nature of the English language, the absence of inflections and the abundance of one- and two-syllable words in different parts of speech.